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# std.socket

Socket primitives.

Example See /dmd/compiler/samples/listener.d and /dmd/compiler/samples/htmlget.d

License:
Boost License 1.0.
Authors:
Christopher E. Miller, David Nadlinger, Vladimir Panteleev

Source std/socket.d

class `SocketException`: object.Exception;
  Base exception thrown by std.socket.
@property @safe string `lastSocketError`();
  Retrieve the error message for the most recently encountered network error.
class `SocketOSException`: std.socket.SocketException;
  Socket exceptions representing network errors reported by the operating system.
  int `errorCode`;
    Platform-specific error code.
  @safe this(string `msg`, string `file` = __FILE__, size_t `line` = __LINE__, Throwable `next` = null, int `err` = _lasterr(), string function(int) @trusted `errorFormatter` = &formatSocketError);
  @safe this(string `msg`, Throwable `next`, string `file` = __FILE__, size_t `line` = __LINE__, int `err` = _lasterr(), string function(int) @trusted `errorFormatter` = &formatSocketError);
  @safe this(string `msg`, int `err`, string function(int) @trusted `errorFormatter` = &formatSocketError, string `file` = __FILE__, size_t `line` = __LINE__, Throwable `next` = null);
class `SocketParameterException`: std.socket.SocketException;
  Socket exceptions representing invalid parameters specified by user code.
class `SocketFeatureException`: std.socket.SocketException;
  Socket exceptions representing attempts to use network capabilities not available on the current system.
nothrow @nogc @safe bool `wouldHaveBlocked`();
  Returns:
  true if the last socket operation failed because the socket was in non-blocking mode and the operation would have blocked, or if the socket is in blocking mode and set a SNDTIMEO or RCVTIMEO, and the operation timed out.
enum `AddressFamily`: ushort;
  The communication domain used to resolve an address.
  `UNSPEC`
    Unspecified address family
  `UNIX`
    Local communication
  `INET`
    Internet Protocol version 4
  `IPX`
    Novell IPX
  `APPLETALK`
    AppleTalk
  `INET6`
    Internet Protocol version 6
enum `SocketType`: int;
  Communication semantics
  `STREAM`
    Sequenced, reliable, two-way communication-based byte streams
  `DGRAM`
    Connectionless, unreliable datagrams with a fixed maximum length; data may be lost or arrive out of order
  `RAW`
    Raw protocol access
  `RDM`
    Reliably-delivered message datagrams
  `SEQPACKET`
    Sequenced, reliable, two-way connection-based datagrams with a fixed maximum length
enum `ProtocolType`: int;
  Protocol
  `IP`
    Internet Protocol version 4
  `ICMP`
    Internet Control Message Protocol
  `IGMP`
    Internet Group Management Protocol
  `GGP`
    Gateway to Gateway Protocol
  `TCP`
    Transmission Control Protocol
  `PUP`
    PARC Universal Packet Protocol
  `UDP`
    User Datagram Protocol
  `IDP`
    Xerox NS protocol
  `RAW`
    Raw IP packets
  `IPV6`
    Internet Protocol version 6
class `Protocol`;
  `Protocol` is a class for retrieving protocol information.

  Example

      auto proto = new Protocol;
      writeln("About protocol TCP:");
      if (proto.getProtocolByType(ProtocolType.TCP))
      {
          writefln("  Name: %s", proto.name);
          foreach (string s; proto.aliases)
               writefln("  Alias: %s", s);
      }
      else
          writeln("  No information found");

  ProtocolType `type`;
  string `name`;
  string[] `aliases`;
    These members are populated when one of the following functions are called successfully:
  nothrow @trusted bool `getProtocolByName`(scope const(char)[] `name`);
    Returns:
    false on failure
  nothrow @trusted bool `getProtocolByType`(ProtocolType `type`);
    Returns:
    false on failure
class `Service`;
  `Service` is a class for retrieving service information.

  Example

      auto serv = new Service;
      writeln("About service epmap:");
      if (serv.getServiceByName("epmap", "tcp"))
      {
          writefln("  Service: %s", serv.name);
          writefln("  Port: %d", serv.port);
          writefln("  Protocol: %s", serv.protocolName);
          foreach (string s; serv.aliases)
               writefln("  Alias: %s", s);
      }
      else
          writefln("  No service for epmap.");

  string `name`;
  string[] `aliases`;
  ushort `port`;
  string `protocolName`;
    These members are populated when one of the following functions are called successfully:
  nothrow @trusted bool `getServiceByName`(scope const(char)[] `name`, scope const(char)[] `protocolName` = null);
  nothrow @trusted bool `getServiceByPort`(ushort `port`, scope const(char)[] `protocolName` = null);
    If a protocol name is omitted, any protocol will be matched.
    Returns:
    false on failure.
class `HostException`: std.socket.SocketOSException;
  Class for exceptions thrown from an InternetHost.
class `InternetHost`;
  `InternetHost` is a class for resolving IPv4 addresses.
  Consider using getAddress, parseAddress and Address methods instead of using this class directly.
  Examples:

      InternetHost ih = new InternetHost;

      ih.getHostByAddr(0x7F_00_00_01);
      writeln(ih.addrList[0]); // 0x7F_00_00_01
      ih.getHostByAddr("127.0.0.1");
      writeln(ih.addrList[0]); // 0x7F_00_00_01

      if (!ih.getHostByName("www.digitalmars.com"))
          return;             // don't fail if not connected to internet

      assert(ih.addrList.length);
      InternetAddress ia = new InternetAddress(ih.addrList[0], InternetAddress.PORT_ANY);
      assert(ih.name == "www.digitalmars.com" || ih.name == "digitalmars.com",
              ih.name);

      /* The following assert randomly fails in the test suite.
       * https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=22791
       * So just ignore it when it fails.
       */
      //assert(ih.getHostByAddr(ih.addrList[0]));
      if (ih.getHostByAddr(ih.addrList[0]))
      {
          string getHostNameFromInt = ih.name.dup;

          // This randomly fails in the compiler test suite
          //assert(ih.getHostByAddr(ia.toAddrString()));

          if (ih.getHostByAddr(ia.toAddrString()))
          {
              string getHostNameFromStr = ih.name.dup;
              writeln(getHostNameFromInt); // getHostNameFromStr
          }
      }

  string `name`;
  string[] `aliases`;
  uint[] `addrList`;
    These members are populated when one of the following functions are called successfully:
  @trusted bool `getHostByName`(scope const(char)[] `name`);
    Resolve host name.
    Returns:
    false if unable to resolve.
  @trusted bool `getHostByAddr`(uint `addr`);
    Resolve IPv4 address number.
    Parameters:

    uint `addr` | The IPv4 address to resolve, in host byte order.

    Returns:
    false if unable to resolve.
  @trusted bool `getHostByAddr`(scope const(char)[] `addr`);
    Same as previous, but addr is an IPv4 address string in the dotted-decimal form a.b.c.d.
    Returns:
    false if unable to resolve.
struct `AddressInfo`;
  Holds information about a socket address retrieved by getAddressInfo.
  AddressFamily `family`;
    Address family
  SocketType `type`;
    Socket type
  ProtocolType `protocol`;
    Protocol
  Address `address`;
    Socket address
  string `canonicalName`;
    Canonical name, when AddressInfoFlags.CANONNAME is used.
enum `AddressInfoFlags`: int;
  A subset of flags supported on all platforms with getaddrinfo. Specifies option flags for getAddressInfo.
  `PASSIVE`
    The resulting addresses will be used in a call to Socket.bind.
  `CANONNAME`
    The canonical name is returned in canonicalName member in the first AddressInfo.
  `NUMERICHOST`
    The node parameter passed to getAddressInfo must be a numeric string. This will suppress any potentially lengthy network host address lookups.
AddressInfo[] `getAddressInfo`(T...)(scope const(char)[] `node`, scope T `options`);
  Provides protocol-independent translation from host names to socket addresses. If advanced functionality is not required, consider using getAddress for compatibility with older systems.
  Returns:
  Array with one AddressInfo per socket address.
  Throws:
  SocketOSException on failure, or SocketFeatureException if this functionality is not available on the current system.
  Parameters:

  const(char)[] `node` | string containing host name or numeric address
  T `options` | optional additional parameters, identified by type: string - service name or port number AddressInfoFlags - option flags AddressFamily - address family to filter by SocketType - socket type to filter by ProtocolType - protocol to filter by

  Example

      // Roundtrip DNS resolution
      auto results = getAddressInfo("www.digitalmars.com");
      assert(results[0].address.toHostNameString() ==
          "digitalmars.com");

      // Canonical name
      results = getAddressInfo("www.digitalmars.com",
          AddressInfoFlags.CANONNAME);
      assert(results[0].canonicalName == "digitalmars.com");

      // IPv6 resolution
      results = getAddressInfo("ipv6.google.com");
      assert(results[0].family == AddressFamily.INET6);

      // Multihomed resolution
      results = getAddressInfo("google.com");
      assert(results.length > 1);

      // Parsing IPv4
      results = getAddressInfo("127.0.0.1",
          AddressInfoFlags.NUMERICHOST);
      assert(results.length && results[0].family ==
          AddressFamily.INET);

      // Parsing IPv6
      results = getAddressInfo("::1",
          AddressInfoFlags.NUMERICHOST);
      assert(results.length && results[0].family ==
          AddressFamily.INET6);

@safe Address[] `getAddress`(scope const(char)[] `hostname`, scope const(char)[] `service` = null);
@safe Address[] `getAddress`(scope const(char)[] `hostname`, ushort `port`);
  Provides protocol-independent translation from host names to socket addresses. Uses getAddressInfo if the current system supports it, and InternetHost otherwise.
  Returns:
  Array with one Address instance per socket address.
  Throws:
  SocketOSException on failure.

  Example

      writeln("Resolving www.digitalmars.com:");
      try
      {
          auto addresses = getAddress("www.digitalmars.com");
          foreach (address; addresses)
              writefln("  IP: %s", address.toAddrString());
      }
      catch (SocketException e)
          writefln("  Lookup failed: %s", e.msg);

@safe Address `parseAddress`(scope const(char)[] `hostaddr`, scope const(char)[] `service` = null);
@safe Address `parseAddress`(scope const(char)[] `hostaddr`, ushort `port`);
  Provides protocol-independent parsing of network addresses. Does not attempt name resolution. Uses getAddressInfo with AddressInfoFlags.NUMERICHOST if the current system supports it, and InternetAddress otherwise.
  Returns:
  An Address instance representing specified address.
  Throws:
  SocketException on failure.

  Example

      writeln("Enter IP address:");
      string ip = readln().chomp();
      try
      {
          Address address = parseAddress(ip);
          writefln("Looking up reverse of %s:",
              address.toAddrString());
          try
          {
              string reverse = address.toHostNameString();
              if (reverse)
                  writefln("  Reverse name: %s", reverse);
              else
                  writeln("  Reverse hostname not found.");
          }
          catch (SocketException e)
              writefln("  Lookup error: %s", e.msg);
      }
      catch (SocketException e)
      {
          writefln("  %s is not a valid IP address: %s",
              ip, e.msg);
      }

class `AddressException`: std.socket.SocketOSException;
  Class for exceptions thrown from an Address.
abstract class `Address`;
  `Address` is an abstract class for representing a socket addresses.

  Example

      writeln("About www.google.com port 80:");
      try
      {
          Address[] addresses = getAddress("www.google.com", 80);
          writefln("  %d addresses found.", addresses.length);
          foreach (int i, Address a; addresses)
          {
              writefln("  Address %d:", i+1);
              writefln("    IP address: %s", a.toAddrString());
              writefln("    Hostname: %s", a.toHostNameString());
              writefln("    Port: %s", a.toPortString());
              writefln("    Service name: %s",
                  a.toServiceNameString());
          }
      }
      catch (SocketException e)
          writefln("  Lookup error: %s", e.msg);

  abstract pure nothrow @nogc @property @safe sockaddr* `name`();
  abstract const pure nothrow @nogc @property @safe const(sockaddr)* `name`();
    Returns pointer to underlying sockaddr structure.
  abstract const pure nothrow @nogc @property @safe socklen_t `nameLen`();
    Returns actual size of underlying sockaddr structure.
  const pure nothrow @nogc @property @safe AddressFamily `addressFamily`();
    Family of this address.
  const @safe string `toAddrString`();
    Attempts to retrieve the host address as a human-readable string.
    Throws:
    AddressException on failure, or SocketFeatureException if address retrieval for this address family is not available on the current system.
  const @safe string `toHostNameString`();
    Attempts to retrieve the host name as a fully qualified domain name.
    Returns:
    The FQDN corresponding to this Address, or null if the host name did not resolve.
    Throws:
    AddressException on error, or SocketFeatureException if host name lookup for this address family is not available on the current system.
  const @safe string `toPortString`();
    Attempts to retrieve the numeric port number as a string.
    Throws:
    AddressException on failure, or SocketFeatureException if port number retrieval for this address family is not available on the current system.
  const @safe string `toServiceNameString`();
    Attempts to retrieve the service name as a string.
    Throws:
    AddressException on failure, or SocketFeatureException if service name lookup for this address family is not available on the current system.
  const @safe string `toString`();
    Human readable string representing this address.
class `UnknownAddress`: std.socket.Address;
  `UnknownAddress` encapsulates an unknown socket address.
class `UnknownAddressReference`: std.socket.Address;
  `UnknownAddressReference` encapsulates a reference to an arbitrary socket address.
  pure nothrow @nogc @safe this(sockaddr* `sa`, socklen_t `len`);
    Constructs an Address with a reference to the specified sockaddr.
  pure nothrow @system this(const(sockaddr)* `sa`, socklen_t `len`);
    Constructs an Address with a copy of the specified sockaddr.
class `InternetAddress`: std.socket.Address;
  `InternetAddress` encapsulates an IPv4 (Internet Protocol version 4) socket address.
  Consider using getAddress, parseAddress and Address methods instead of using this class directly.
  enum uint `ADDR_ANY`;
    Any IPv4 host address.
  enum uint `ADDR_NONE`;
    An invalid IPv4 host address.
  enum ushort `PORT_ANY`;
    Any IPv4 port number.
  const pure nothrow @nogc @property @safe ushort `port`();
    Returns the IPv4 port number (in host byte order).
  const pure nothrow @nogc @property @safe uint `addr`();
    Returns the IPv4 address number (in host byte order).
  @safe this(scope const(char)[] `addr`, ushort `port`);
    Construct a new InternetAddress.
    Parameters:

    const(char)[] `addr` | an IPv4 address string in the dotted-decimal form a.b.c.d, or a host name which will be resolved using an InternetHost object.
    ushort `port` | port number, may be PORT_ANY.

  pure nothrow @nogc @safe this(uint `addr`, ushort `port`);
  pure nothrow @nogc @safe this(ushort `port`);
    Construct a new InternetAddress.
    Parameters:

    uint `addr` | (optional) an IPv4 address in host byte order, may be ADDR_ANY.
    ushort `port` | port number, may be PORT_ANY.

  pure nothrow @nogc @safe this(sockaddr_in `addr`);
    Construct a new InternetAddress.
    Parameters:

    sockaddr_in `addr` | A sockaddr_in as obtained from lower-level API calls such as getifaddrs.

  const @trusted string `toAddrString`();
    Human readable string representing the IPv4 address in dotted-decimal form.
  const @safe string `toPortString`();
    Human readable string representing the IPv4 port.
  const @safe string `toHostNameString`();
    Attempts to retrieve the host name as a fully qualified domain name.
    Returns:
    The FQDN corresponding to this InternetAddress, or null if the host name did not resolve.
    Throws:
    AddressException on error.
  const @safe bool `opEquals`(Object `o`);
    Compares with another InternetAddress of same type for equality
    Returns:
    true if the InternetAddresses share the same address and port number.
    Examples:

        auto addr1 = new InternetAddress("127.0.0.1", 80);
        auto addr2 = new InternetAddress("127.0.0.2", 80);

        writeln(addr1); // addr1
        assert(addr1 != addr2);

  static nothrow @trusted uint `parse`(scope const(char)[] `addr`);
    Parse an IPv4 address string in the dotted-decimal form a.b.c.d and return the number.
    Returns:
    If the string is not a legitimate IPv4 address, ADDR_NONE is returned.
  static nothrow @trusted string `addrToString`(uint `addr`);
    Convert an IPv4 address number in host byte order to a human readable string representing the IPv4 address in dotted-decimal form.
class `Internet6Address`: std.socket.Address;
  `Internet6Address` encapsulates an IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6) socket address.
  Consider using getAddress, parseAddress and Address methods instead of using this class directly.
  static pure nothrow @nogc @property ref @safe const(ubyte)[16] `ADDR_ANY`();
    Any IPv6 host address.
  enum ushort `PORT_ANY`;
    Any IPv6 port number.
  const pure nothrow @nogc @property @safe ushort `port`();
    Returns the IPv6 port number.
  const pure nothrow @nogc @property @safe ubyte[16] `addr`();
    Returns the IPv6 address.
  @trusted this(scope const(char)[] `addr`, scope const(char)[] `service` = null);
    Construct a new Internet6Address.
    Parameters:

    const(char)[] `addr` | an IPv6 host address string in the form described in RFC 2373, or a host name which will be resolved using getAddressInfo.
    const(char)[] `service` | (optional) service name.

  @safe this(scope const(char)[] `addr`, ushort `port`);
    Construct a new Internet6Address.
    Parameters:

    const(char)[] `addr` | an IPv6 host address string in the form described in RFC 2373, or a host name which will be resolved using getAddressInfo.
    ushort `port` | port number, may be PORT_ANY.

  pure nothrow @nogc @safe this(ubyte[16] `addr`, ushort `port`);
  pure nothrow @nogc @safe this(ushort `port`);
    Construct a new Internet6Address.
    Parameters:

    ubyte[16] `addr` | (optional) an IPv6 host address in host byte order, or ADDR_ANY.
    ushort `port` | port number, may be PORT_ANY.

  pure nothrow @nogc @safe this(sockaddr_in6 `addr`);
    Construct a new Internet6Address.
    Parameters:

    sockaddr_in6 `addr` | A sockaddr_in6 as obtained from lower-level API calls such as getifaddrs.

  static @trusted ubyte[16] `parse`(scope const(char)[] `addr`);
    Parse an IPv6 host address string as described in RFC 2373, and return the address.
    Throws:
    SocketException on error.
class `UnixAddress`: std.socket.Address;
  `UnixAddress` encapsulates an address for a Unix domain socket (AF_UNIX), i.e. a socket bound to a path name in the file system. Available only on supported systems.
  Linux also supports an abstract address namespace, in which addresses are independent of the file system. A socket address is abstract iff path starts with a null byte ('\0'). Null bytes in other positions of an abstract address are allowed and have no special meaning.

  Example

      auto addr = new UnixAddress("/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket");
      auto abstractAddr = new UnixAddress("\0/tmp/dbus-OtHLWmCLPR");

  See Also:
  UNIX(7)
  @safe this(scope const(char)[] `path`);
    Construct a new UnixAddress from the specified path.
  pure nothrow @nogc @safe this(sockaddr_un `addr`);
    Construct a new UnixAddress.
    Parameters:

    sockaddr_un `addr` | A sockaddr_un as obtained from lower-level API calls.

  const @property @safe string `path`();
  const @safe string `toString`();
    Get the underlying path.
class `SocketAcceptException`: std.socket.SocketOSException;
  Class for exceptions thrown by Socket.accept.
enum `SocketShutdown`: int;
  How a socket is shutdown:
  `RECEIVE`
    socket receives are disallowed
  `SEND`
    socket sends are disallowed
  `BOTH`
    both RECEIVE and SEND
enum `SocketFlags`: int;
  Flags may be OR'ed together:
  `NONE`
    no flags specified
  `OOB`
    out-of-band stream data
  `PEEK`
    peek at incoming data without removing it from the queue, only for receiving
  `DONTROUTE`
    data should not be subject to routing; this flag may be ignored. Only for sending
struct `TimeVal`;
  Duration timeout value.
  inout pure nothrow @nogc @property ref @safe inout(tv_sec_t) `seconds`() return;
    Number of seconds.
  inout pure nothrow @nogc @property ref @safe inout(tv_usec_t) `microseconds`() return;
    Number of additional microseconds.
class `SocketSet`;
  A collection of sockets for use with Socket.select.
  `SocketSet` wraps the platform fd_set type. However, unlike fd_set, `SocketSet` is not statically limited to FD_SETSIZE or any other limit, and grows as needed.
  pure nothrow @safe this(size_t `size` = FD_SETSIZE);
    Create a SocketSet with a specific initial capacity (defaults to FD_SETSIZE, the system's default capacity).
  pure nothrow @nogc @safe void `reset`();
    Reset the SocketSet so that there are 0 Sockets in the collection.
  pure nothrow @safe void `add`(Socket `s`);
    Add a Socket to the collection. The socket must not already be in the collection.
  pure nothrow @safe void `remove`(Socket `s`);
    Remove this Socket from the collection. Does nothing if the socket is not in the collection already.
  const pure nothrow @nogc @safe int `isSet`(Socket `s`);
    Return nonzero if this Socket is in the collection.
  const pure nothrow @nogc @property @safe uint `max`();
    Returns:
    The current capacity of this SocketSet. The exact meaning of the return value varies from platform to platform.

    Note Since D 2.065, this value does not indicate a restriction, and SocketSet will grow its capacity as needed automatically.

enum `SocketOptionLevel`: int;
  The level at which a socket option is defined:
  `SOCKET`
    Socket level
  `IP`
    Internet Protocol version 4 level
  `ICMP`
    Internet Control Message Protocol level
  `IGMP`
    Internet Group Management Protocol level
  `GGP`
    Gateway to Gateway Protocol level
  `TCP`
    Transmission Control Protocol level
  `PUP`
    PARC Universal Packet Protocol level
  `UDP`
    User Datagram Protocol level
  `IDP`
    Xerox NS protocol level
  `RAW`
    Raw IP packet level
  `IPV6`
    Internet Protocol version 6 level
struct `Linger`;
  Linger information for use with SocketOption.LINGER.
  inout pure nothrow @nogc @property ref @safe inout(l_onoff_t) `on`() return;
    Nonzero for on.
  inout pure nothrow @nogc @property ref @safe inout(l_linger_t) `time`() return;
    Linger time.
enum `SocketOption`: int;
  Specifies a socket option:
  `DEBUG`
    Record debugging information
  `BROADCAST`
    Allow transmission of broadcast messages
  `REUSEADDR`
    Allow local reuse of address
  `LINGER`
    Linger on close if unsent data is present
  `OOBINLINE`
    Receive out-of-band data in band
  `SNDBUF`
    Send buffer size
  `RCVBUF`
    Receive buffer size
  `DONTROUTE`
    Do not route
  `SNDTIMEO`
    Send timeout
  `RCVTIMEO`
    Receive timeout
  `ERROR`
    Retrieve and clear error status
  `KEEPALIVE`
    Enable keep-alive packets
  `ACCEPTCONN`
    Listen
  `RCVLOWAT`
    Minimum number of input bytes to process
  `SNDLOWAT`
    Minimum number of output bytes to process
  `TYPE`
    Socket type
  `TCP_NODELAY`
    Disable the Nagle algorithm for send coalescing
  `IPV6_UNICAST_HOPS`
    IP unicast hop limit
  `IPV6_MULTICAST_IF`
    IP multicast interface
  `IPV6_MULTICAST_LOOP`
    IP multicast loopback
  `IPV6_MULTICAST_HOPS`
    IP multicast hops
  `IPV6_JOIN_GROUP`
    Add an IP group membership
  `IPV6_LEAVE_GROUP`
    Drop an IP group membership
  `IPV6_V6ONLY`
    Treat wildcard bind as AF_INET6-only
class `Socket`;
  `Socket` is a class that creates a network communication endpoint using the Berkeley sockets interface.
  @trusted this(AddressFamily `af`, SocketType `type`, ProtocolType `protocol`);
  @safe this(AddressFamily `af`, SocketType `type`);
  @trusted this(AddressFamily `af`, SocketType `type`, scope const(char)[] `protocolName`);
    Create a blocking socket. If a single protocol type exists to support this socket type within the address family, the ProtocolType may be omitted.
  @safe this(scope const AddressInfo `info`);
    Create a blocking socket using the parameters from the specified AddressInfo structure.
  pure nothrow @nogc @safe this(socket_t `sock`, AddressFamily `af`);
    Use an existing socket handle.
  const pure nothrow @nogc @property @safe socket_t `handle`();
    Get underlying socket handle.
  pure nothrow @nogc @property @safe socket_t `release`();
    Releases the underlying socket handle from the Socket object. Once it is released, you cannot use the Socket object's methods anymore. This also means the Socket destructor will no longer close the socket - it becomes your responsibility.
    To get the handle without releasing it, use the handle property.
  const nothrow @nogc @property @trusted bool `blocking`();
  @property @trusted void `blocking`(bool `byes`);
    Get/set socket's blocking flag.
    When a socket is blocking, calls to receive(), accept(), and send() will block and wait for data/action. A non-blocking socket will immediately return instead of blocking.
  @property @safe AddressFamily `addressFamily`();
    Get the socket's address family.
  const @property @trusted bool `isAlive`();
    Property that indicates if this is a valid, alive socket.
  @trusted void `bind`(Address `addr`);
    Associate a local address with this socket.
    Parameters:

    Address `addr` | The Address to associate this socket with.

    Throws:
    SocketOSException when unable to bind the socket.
  @trusted void `connect`(Address `to`);
    Establish a connection. If the socket is blocking, connect waits for the connection to be made. If the socket is nonblocking, connect returns immediately and the connection attempt is still in progress.
  @trusted void `listen`(int `backlog`);
    Listen for an incoming connection. bind must be called before you can `listen`. The `backlog` is a request of how many pending incoming connections are queued until accepted.
  protected pure nothrow @safe Socket `accepting`();
    Called by accept when a new Socket must be created for a new connection. To use a derived class, override this method and return an instance of your class. The returned Socket's handle must not be set; Socket has a protected constructor this() to use in this situation.
    Override to use a derived class. The returned socket's handle must not be set.
  @trusted Socket `accept`();
    Accept an incoming connection. If the socket is blocking, `accept` waits for a connection request. Throws SocketAcceptException if unable to accept. See accepting for use with derived classes.
  nothrow @nogc @trusted void `shutdown`(SocketShutdown `how`);
    Disables sends and/or receives.
  nothrow @nogc scope @trusted void `close`();
    Immediately drop any connections and release socket resources. The Socket object is no longer usable after `close`. Calling shutdown before `close` is recommended for connection-oriented sockets.
  static @property @trusted string `hostName`();
    Returns:
    the local machine's host name
  @property @trusted Address `remoteAddress`();
    Remote endpoint Address.
  @property @trusted Address `localAddress`();
    Local endpoint Address.
  enum int `ERROR`;
    Send or receive error code. See wouldHaveBlocked, lastSocketError and Socket.getErrorText for obtaining more information about the error.
  @trusted ptrdiff_t `send`(scope const(void)[] `buf`, SocketFlags `flags`);
  @safe ptrdiff_t `send`(scope const(void)[] `buf`);
    Send data on the connection. If the socket is blocking and there is no buffer space left, `send` waits.
    Returns:
    The number of bytes actually sent, or Socket.ERROR on failure.
  @trusted ptrdiff_t `sendTo`(scope const(void)[] `buf`, SocketFlags `flags`, Address `to`);
  @safe ptrdiff_t `sendTo`(scope const(void)[] `buf`, Address `to`);
  @trusted ptrdiff_t `sendTo`(scope const(void)[] `buf`, SocketFlags `flags`);
  @safe ptrdiff_t `sendTo`(scope const(void)[] `buf`);
    Send data to a specific destination Address. If the destination address is not specified, a connection must have been made and that address is used. If the socket is blocking and there is no buffer space left, `sendTo` waits.
    Returns:
    The number of bytes actually sent, or Socket.ERROR on failure.
  @trusted ptrdiff_t `receive`(scope void[] `buf`, SocketFlags `flags`);
  @safe ptrdiff_t `receive`(scope void[] `buf`);
    Receive data on the connection. If the socket is blocking, `receive` waits until there is data to be received.
    Returns:
    The number of bytes actually received, 0 if the remote side has closed the connection, or Socket.ERROR on failure.
  @trusted ptrdiff_t `receiveFrom`(scope void[] `buf`, SocketFlags `flags`, ref Address `from`);
  @safe ptrdiff_t `receiveFrom`(scope void[] `buf`, ref Address `from`);
  @trusted ptrdiff_t `receiveFrom`(scope void[] `buf`, SocketFlags `flags`);
  @safe ptrdiff_t `receiveFrom`(scope void[] `buf`);
    Receive data and get the remote endpoint Address. If the socket is blocking, `receiveFrom` waits until there is data to be received.
    Returns:
    The number of bytes actually received, 0 if the remote side has closed the connection, or Socket.ERROR on failure.
  @trusted int `getOption`(SocketOptionLevel `level`, SocketOption `option`, scope void[] `result`);
    Get a socket option.
    Returns:
    The number of bytes written to `result`. The length, in bytes, of the actual result - very different from getsockopt()
  @trusted int `getOption`(SocketOptionLevel `level`, SocketOption `option`, out int32_t `result`);
    Common case of getting integer and boolean options.
  @trusted int `getOption`(SocketOptionLevel `level`, SocketOption `option`, out Linger `result`);
    Get the linger option.
  @trusted void `getOption`(SocketOptionLevel `level`, SocketOption `option`, out Duration `result`);
    Get a timeout (duration) option.
  @trusted void `setOption`(SocketOptionLevel `level`, SocketOption `option`, scope void[] `value`);
    Set a socket option.
  @trusted void `setOption`(SocketOptionLevel `level`, SocketOption `option`, int32_t `value`);
    Common case for setting integer and boolean options.
  @trusted void `setOption`(SocketOptionLevel `level`, SocketOption `option`, Linger `value`);
    Set the linger option.
  @trusted void `setOption`(SocketOptionLevel `level`, SocketOption `option`, Duration `value`);
    Sets a timeout (duration) option, i.e. SocketOption.SNDTIMEO or RCVTIMEO. Zero indicates no timeout.
    In a typical application, you might also want to consider using a non-blocking socket instead of setting a timeout on a blocking one.

    Note While the receive timeout setting is generally quite accurate on *nix systems even for smaller durations, there are two issues to be aware of on Windows: First, although undocumented, the effective timeout duration seems to be the one set on the socket plus half a second. `setOption`() tries to compensate for that, but still, timeouts under 500ms are not possible on Windows. Second, be aware that the actual amount of time spent until a blocking call returns randomly varies on the order of 10ms.

    Parameters:

    SocketOptionLevel `level` | The level at which a socket option is defined.
    SocketOption `option` | Either SocketOption.SNDTIMEO or SocketOption.RCVTIMEO.
    Duration `value` | The timeout duration to set. Must not be negative.

    Throws:
    SocketException if setting the options fails.

    Example

        import std.datetime;
        import std.typecons;
        auto pair = socketPair();
        scope(exit) foreach (s; pair) s.close();

        // Set a receive timeout, and then wait at one end of
        // the socket pair, knowing that no data will arrive.
        pair[0].setOption(SocketOptionLevel.SOCKET,
            SocketOption.RCVTIMEO, dur!"seconds"(1));

        auto sw = StopWatch(Yes.autoStart);
        ubyte[1] buffer;
        pair[0].receive(buffer);
        writefln("Waited %s ms until the socket timed out.",
            sw.peek.msecs);

  @safe string `getErrorText`();
    Get a text description of this socket's error status, and clear the socket's error status.
  @trusted void `setKeepAlive`(int `time`, int `interval`);
    Enables TCP keep-alive with the specified parameters.
    Parameters:

    int `time` | Number of seconds with no activity until the first keep-alive packet is sent.
    int `interval` | Number of seconds between when successive keep-alive packets are sent if no acknowledgement is received.

    Throws:
    SocketOSException if setting the options fails, or SocketFeatureException if setting keep-alive parameters is unsupported on the current platform.
  static @trusted int `select`(SocketSet `checkRead`, SocketSet `checkWrite`, SocketSet `checkError`, Duration `timeout`);
  static @safe int `select`(SocketSet `checkRead`, SocketSet `checkWrite`, SocketSet `checkError`);
  static @trusted int `select`(SocketSet `checkRead`, SocketSet `checkWrite`, SocketSet `checkError`, TimeVal* `timeout`);
    Wait for a socket to change status. A wait timeout of core.time.Duration or TimeVal, may be specified; if a timeout is not specified or the TimeVal is null, the maximum timeout is used. The TimeVal timeout has an unspecified value when `select` returns.
    Returns:
    The number of sockets with status changes, 0 on timeout, or -1 on interruption. If the return value is greater than 0, the SocketSets are updated to only contain the sockets having status changes. For a connecting socket, a write status change means the connection is established and it's able to send. For a listening socket, a read status change means there is an incoming connection request and it's able to accept.
    SocketSet's updated to include only those sockets which an event occured. For a connect()ing socket, writeability means connected. For a listen()ing socket, readability means listening Winsock; possibly internally limited to 64 sockets per set.
    Returns:
    the number of events, 0 on timeout, or -1 on interruption
  protected pure nothrow @safe Address `createAddress`();
    Can be overridden to support other addresses.
    Returns:
    a new Address object for the current address family.
class `TcpSocket`: std.socket.Socket;
  `TcpSocket` is a shortcut class for a TCP Socket.
  @safe this(AddressFamily `family`);
    Constructs a blocking TCP Socket.
  @safe this();
    Constructs a blocking IPv4 TCP Socket.
  @safe this(Address `connectTo`);
    Constructs a blocking TCP Socket and connects to an Address.
class `UdpSocket`: std.socket.Socket;
  `UdpSocket` is a shortcut class for a UDP Socket.
  @safe this(AddressFamily `family`);
    Constructs a blocking UDP Socket.
  @safe this();
    Constructs a blocking IPv4 UDP Socket.
@trusted Socket[2] `socketPair`();
  Creates a pair of connected sockets.
  The two sockets are indistinguishable.
  Throws:
  SocketException if creation of the sockets fails.
  Examples:

      immutable ubyte[4] data = [1, 2, 3, 4];
      auto pair = socketPair();
      scope(exit) foreach (s; pair) s.close();

      pair[0].send(data[]);

      auto buf = new ubyte[data.length];
      pair[1].receive(buf);
      writeln(buf); // data

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