Inline Assembler - D Programming Language
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# Inline Assembler

Contents

1. Asm statement
2. Asm instruction
3. Labels
4. align IntegerExpression
5. even
6. naked
7. db, ds, di, dl, df, dd, de
8. Opcodes
   1. Special Cases
9. Operands
   1. Operand Types
   2. Struct/Union/Class Member Offsets
   3. Stack Variables
   4. Special Symbols
10. Opcodes Supported
    1. Pentium 4 (Prescott) Opcodes Supported
    2. AMD Opcodes Supported
    3. SIMD
11. GCC syntax
    1. Other

D, being a systems programming language, provides an inline assembler. The inline assembler is standardized for D implementations across the same CPU family, for example, the Intel Pentium inline assembler for a Win32 D compiler will be syntax compatible with the inline assembler for Linux running on an Intel Pentium.

Implementations of D on different architectures, however, are free to innovate upon the memory model, function call/return conventions, argument passing conventions, etc.

This document describes the x86 and x86_64 implementations of the inline assembler. The inline assembler platform support that a compiler provides is indicated by the D_InlineAsm_X86 and D_InlineAsm_X86_64 version identifiers, respectively.

## Asm statement

    AsmStatement:
        asm FunctionAttributesopt { AsmInstructionListopt }

    AsmInstructionList:
        AsmInstruction ;
        AsmInstruction ; AsmInstructionList

Assembler instructions must be located inside an asm block. Like functions, asm statements must be anotated with adequate function attributes to be compatible with the caller. Asm statements attributes must be explicitly defined, they are not infered.

    void func1() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
    {
        asm pure nothrow @trusted @nogc
        {}
    }

    void func2() @safe @nogc
    {
        asm @nogc // Error: asm statement is assumed to be @system - mark it with '@trusted' if it is not
        {}
    }

## Asm instruction

    AsmInstruction:
        Identifier : AsmInstruction
        align IntegerExpression
        even
        naked
        db Operands
        ds Operands
        di Operands
        dl Operands
        df Operands
        dd Operands
        de Operands
        db StringLiteral
        ds StringLiteral
        di StringLiteral
        dl StringLiteral
        dw StringLiteral
        dq StringLiteral
        Opcode
        Opcode Operands

    Opcode:
        Identifier

    Operands:
        Operand
        Operand , Operands

## Labels

Assembler instructions can be labeled just like other statements. They can be the target of goto statements. For example:

    void *pc;
    asm
    {
        call L1          ;
      L1:                ;
        pop  EBX         ;
        mov  pc[EBP],EBX ; // pc now points to code at L1
    }

## align IntegerExpression

    IntegerExpression:
        IntegerLiteral
        Identifier

Causes the assembler to emit NOP instructions to align the next assembler instruction on an IntegerExpression boundary. IntegerExpression must evaluate at compile time to an integer that is a power of 2.

Aligning the start of a loop body can sometimes have a dramatic effect on the execution speed.

## even

Causes the assembler to emit NOP instructions to align the next assembler instruction on an even boundary.

## naked

Causes the compiler to not generate the function prolog and epilog sequences. This means such is the responsibility of inline assembly programmer, and is normally used when the entire function is to be written in assembler.

## db, ds, di, dl, df, dd, de

These pseudo ops are for inserting raw data directly into the code. db is for bytes, ds is for 16 bit words, di is for 32 bit words, dl is for 64 bit words, df is for 32 bit floats, dd is for 64 bit doubles, and de is for 80 bit extended reals. Each can have multiple operands. If an operand is a string literal, it is as if there were length operands, where length is the number of characters in the string. One character is used per operand. For example:

    asm
    {
        db 5,6,0x83;   // insert bytes 0x05, 0x06, and 0x83 into code
        ds 0x1234;     // insert bytes 0x34, 0x12
        di 0x1234;     // insert bytes 0x34, 0x12, 0x00, 0x00
        dl 0x1234;     // insert bytes 0x34, 0x12, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00
        df 1.234;      // insert float 1.234
        dd 1.234;      // insert double 1.234
        de 1.234;      // insert real 1.234
        db "abc";      // insert bytes 0x61, 0x62, and 0x63
        ds "abc";      // insert bytes 0x61, 0x00, 0x62, 0x00, 0x63, 0x00
    }

## Opcodes

A list of supported opcodes is at the end.

The following registers are supported. Register names are always in upper case.

    Register:
        AL
        AH
        AX
        EAX

        BL
        BH
        BX
        EBX

        CL
        CH
        CX
        ECX

        DL
        DH
        DX
        EDX

        BP
        EBP

        SP
        ESP

        DI
        EDI

        SI
        ESI

        ES
        CS
        SS
        DS
        GS
        FS

        CR0
        CR2
        CR3
        CR4

        DR0
        DR1
        DR2
        DR3
        DR6
        DR7

        TR3
        TR4
        TR5
        TR6
        TR7

        ST

        ST(0)
        ST(1)
        ST(2)
        ST(3)
        ST(4)
        ST(5)
        ST(6)
        ST(7)

        MM0
        MM1
        MM2
        MM3
        MM4
        MM5
        MM6
        MM7

        XMM0
        XMM1
        XMM2
        XMM3
        XMM4
        XMM5
        XMM6
        XMM7

x86_64 adds these additional registers.

    Register64:
        RAX
        RBX
        RCX
        RDX

        BPL
        RBP

        SPL
        RSP

        DIL
        RDI

        SIL
        RSI

        R8B
        R8W
        R8D
        R8

        R9B
        R9W
        R9D
        R9

        R10B
        R10W
        R10D
        R10

        R11B
        R11W
        R11D
        R11

        R12B
        R12W
        R12D
        R12

        R13B
        R13W
        R13D
        R13

        R14B
        R14W
        R14D
        R14

        R15B
        R15W
        R15D
        R15

        XMM8
        XMM9
        XMM10
        XMM11
        XMM12
        XMM13
        XMM14
        XMM15

        YMM0
        YMM1
        YMM2
        YMM3
        YMM4
        YMM5
        YMM6
        YMM7

        YMM8
        YMM9
        YMM10
        YMM11
        YMM12
        YMM13
        YMM14
        YMM15

### Special Cases

lock, rep, repe, repne, repnz, repz
  These prefix instructions do not appear in the same statement as the instructions they prefix; they appear in their own statement. For example:

    asm
    {
        rep   ;
        movsb ;
    }

pause
  This opcode is not supported by the assembler, instead use

      asm
      {
          rep  ;
          nop  ;
      }

  which produces the same result.
floating point ops
  Use the two operand form of the instruction format;

      fdiv ST(1);     // wrong
      fmul ST;        // wrong
      fdiv ST,ST(1);  // right
      fmul ST,ST(0);  // right

## Operands

    Operand:
        AsmExp

    AsmExp:
        AsmLogOrExp
        AsmLogOrExp ? AsmExp : AsmExp

    AsmLogOrExp:
        AsmLogAndExp
        AsmLogOrExp || AsmLogAndExp

    AsmLogAndExp:
        AsmOrExp
        AsmLogAndExp && AsmOrExp

    AsmOrExp:
        AsmXorExp
        AsmOrExp | AsmXorExp

    AsmXorExp:
        AsmAndExp
        AsmXorExp ^ AsmAndExp

    AsmAndExp:
        AsmEqualExp
        AsmAndExp & AsmEqualExp

    AsmEqualExp:
        AsmRelExp
        AsmEqualExp == AsmRelExp
        AsmEqualExp != AsmRelExp

    AsmRelExp:
        AsmShiftExp
        AsmRelExp < AsmShiftExp
        AsmRelExp <= AsmShiftExp
        AsmRelExp > AsmShiftExp
        AsmRelExp >= AsmShiftExp

    AsmShiftExp:
        AsmAddExp
        AsmShiftExp << AsmAddExp
        AsmShiftExp >> AsmAddExp
        AsmShiftExp >>> AsmAddExp

    AsmAddExp:
        AsmMulExp
        AsmAddExp + AsmMulExp
        AsmAddExp - AsmMulExp

    AsmMulExp:
        AsmBrExp
        AsmMulExp * AsmBrExp
        AsmMulExp / AsmBrExp
        AsmMulExp % AsmBrExp

    AsmBrExp:
        AsmUnaExp
        AsmBrExp [ AsmExp ]

    AsmUnaExp:
        AsmTypePrefix AsmExp
        offsetof AsmExp
        seg AsmExp
        + AsmUnaExp
        - AsmUnaExp
        ! AsmUnaExp
        ~ AsmUnaExp
        AsmPrimaryExp

    AsmPrimaryExp:
        IntegerLiteral
        FloatLiteral
        __LOCAL_SIZE
        $
        Register
        Register : AsmExp
        Register64
        Register64 : AsmExp
        DotIdentifier
        this

    DotIdentifier:
        Identifier
        Identifier . DotIdentifier
        FundamentalType . Identifier

The operand syntax more or less follows the Intel CPU documentation conventions. In particular, the convention is that for two operand instructions the source is the right operand and the destination is the left operand. The syntax differs from that of Intel's in order to be compatible with the D language tokenizer and to simplify parsing.

The seg means load the segment number that the symbol is in. This is not relevant for flat model code. Instead, do a move from the relevant segment register.

A dotted expression is evaluated during the compilation and then must either give a constant or indicate a higher level variable that fits in the target register or variable.

### Operand Types

    AsmTypePrefix:
        near ptr
        far ptr
        word ptr
        dword ptr
        qword ptr
        FundamentalType ptr

In cases where the operand size is ambiguous, as in:

    add [EAX],3     ;

it can be disambiguated by using an AsmTypePrefix:

    add  byte ptr [EAX],3 ;
    add  int ptr [EAX],7  ;

far ptr is not relevant for flat model code.

### Struct/Union/Class Member Offsets

To access members of an aggregate, given a pointer to the aggregate is in a register, use the .offsetof property of the qualified name of the member:

    struct Foo { int a,b,c; }
    int bar(Foo *f)
    {
        asm
        {
            mov EBX,f                   ;
            mov EAX,Foo.b.offsetof[EBX] ;
        }
    }
    void main()
    {
        Foo f = Foo(0, 2, 0);
        assert(bar(&f) == 2);
    }

Alternatively, inside the scope of an aggregate, only the member name is needed:

    struct Foo   // or class
    {
        int a,b,c;
        int bar()
        {
            asm
            {
                mov EBX, this   ;
                mov EAX, b[EBX] ;
            }
        }
    }
    void main()
    {
        Foo f = Foo(0, 2, 0);
        assert(f.bar() == 2);
    }

### Stack Variables

Stack variables (variables local to a function and allocated on the stack) are accessed via the name of the variable indexed by EBP:

    int foo(int x)
    {
        asm
        {
            mov EAX,x[EBP] ; // loads value of parameter x into EAX
            mov EAX,x      ; // does the same thing
        }
    }

If the [EBP] is omitted, it is assumed for local variables. If naked is used, this no longer holds.

### Special Symbols

$
  Represents the program counter of the start of the next instruction. So,

      jmp  $  ;

  branches to the instruction following the jmp instruction. The $ can only appear as the target of a jmp or call instruction.
__LOCAL_SIZE
  This gets replaced by the number of local bytes in the local stack frame. It is most handy when the naked is invoked and a custom stack frame is programmed.

## Opcodes Supported

Opcodes
aaa | aad | aam | aas | adc
add | addpd | addps | addsd | addss
and | andnpd | andnps | andpd | andps
arpl | bound | bsf | bsr | bswap
bt | btc | btr | bts | call
cbw | cdq | clc | cld | clflush
cli | clts | cmc | cmova | cmovae
cmovb | cmovbe | cmovc | cmove | cmovg
cmovge | cmovl | cmovle | cmovna | cmovnae
cmovnb | cmovnbe | cmovnc | cmovne | cmovng
cmovnge | cmovnl | cmovnle | cmovno | cmovnp
cmovns | cmovnz | cmovo | cmovp | cmovpe
cmovpo | cmovs | cmovz | cmp | cmppd
cmpps | cmps | cmpsb | cmpsd | cmpss
cmpsw | cmpxchg | cmpxchg8b | cmpxchg16b |
comisd | comiss |  |  |
cpuid | cvtdq2pd | cvtdq2ps | cvtpd2dq | cvtpd2pi
cvtpd2ps | cvtpi2pd | cvtpi2ps | cvtps2dq | cvtps2pd
cvtps2pi | cvtsd2si | cvtsd2ss | cvtsi2sd | cvtsi2ss
cvtss2sd | cvtss2si | cvttpd2dq | cvttpd2pi | cvttps2dq
cvttps2pi | cvttsd2si | cvttss2si | cwd | cwde
da | daa | das | db | dd
de | dec | df | di | div
divpd | divps | divsd | divss | dl
dq | ds | dt | dw | emms
enter | f2xm1 | fabs | fadd | faddp
fbld | fbstp | fchs | fclex | fcmovb
fcmovbe | fcmove | fcmovnb | fcmovnbe | fcmovne
fcmovnu | fcmovu | fcom | fcomi | fcomip
fcomp | fcompp | fcos | fdecstp | fdisi
fdiv | fdivp | fdivr | fdivrp | feni
ffree | fiadd | ficom | ficomp | fidiv
fidivr | fild | fimul | fincstp | finit
fist | fistp | fisub | fisubr | fld
fld1 | fldcw | fldenv | fldl2e | fldl2t
fldlg2 | fldln2 | fldpi | fldz | fmul
fmulp | fnclex | fndisi | fneni | fninit
fnop | fnsave | fnstcw | fnstenv | fnstsw
fpatan | fprem | fprem1 | fptan | frndint
frstor | fsave | fscale | fsetpm | fsin
fsincos | fsqrt | fst | fstcw | fstenv
fstp | fstsw | fsub | fsubp | fsubr
fsubrp | ftst | fucom | fucomi | fucomip
fucomp | fucompp | fwait | fxam | fxch
fxrstor | fxsave | fxtract | fyl2x | fyl2xp1
hlt | idiv | imul | in | inc
ins | insb | insd | insw | int
into | invd | invlpg | iret | iretd
iretq | ja | jae | jb | jbe
jc | jcxz | je | jecxz | jg
jge | jl | jle | jmp | jna
jnae | jnb | jnbe | jnc | jne
jng | jnge | jnl | jnle | jno
jnp | jns | jnz | jo | jp
jpe | jpo | js | jz | lahf
lar | ldmxcsr | lds | lea | leave
les | lfence | lfs | lgdt | lgs
lidt | lldt | lmsw | lock | lods
lodsb | lodsd | lodsw | loop | loope
loopne | loopnz | loopz | lsl | lss
ltr | maskmovdqu | maskmovq | maxpd | maxps
maxsd | maxss | mfence | minpd | minps
minsd | minss | mov | movapd | movaps
movd | movdq2q | movdqa | movdqu | movhlps
movhpd | movhps | movlhps | movlpd | movlps
movmskpd | movmskps | movntdq | movnti | movntpd
movntps | movntq | movq | movq2dq | movs
movsb | movsd | movss | movsw | movsx
movupd | movups | movzx | mul | mulpd
mulps | mulsd | mulss | neg | nop
not | or | orpd | orps | out
outs | outsb | outsd | outsw | packssdw
packsswb | packuswb | paddb | paddd | paddq
paddsb | paddsw | paddusb | paddusw | paddw
pand | pandn | pavgb | pavgw | pcmpeqb
pcmpeqd | pcmpeqw | pcmpgtb | pcmpgtd | pcmpgtw
pextrw | pinsrw | pmaddwd | pmaxsw | pmaxub
pminsw | pminub | pmovmskb | pmulhuw | pmulhw
pmullw | pmuludq | pop | popa | popad
popf | popfd | por | prefetchnta | prefetcht0
prefetcht1 | prefetcht2 | psadbw | pshufd | pshufhw
pshuflw | pshufw | pslld | pslldq | psllq
psllw | psrad | psraw | psrld | psrldq
psrlq | psrlw | psubb | psubd | psubq
psubsb | psubsw | psubusb | psubusw | psubw
punpckhbw | punpckhdq | punpckhqdq | punpckhwd | punpcklbw
punpckldq | punpcklqdq | punpcklwd | push | pusha
pushad | pushf | pushfd | pxor | rcl
rcpps | rcpss | rcr | rdmsr | rdpmc
rdtsc | rep | repe | repne | repnz
repz | ret | retf | rol | ror
rsm | rsqrtps | rsqrtss | sahf | sal
sar | sbb | scas | scasb | scasd
scasw | seta | setae | setb | setbe
setc | sete | setg | setge | setl
setle | setna | setnae | setnb | setnbe
setnc | setne | setng | setnge | setnl
setnle | setno | setnp | setns | setnz
seto | setp | setpe | setpo | sets
setz | sfence | sgdt | shl | shld
shr | shrd | shufpd | shufps | sidt
sldt | smsw | sqrtpd | sqrtps | sqrtsd
sqrtss | stc | std | sti | stmxcsr
stos | stosb | stosd | stosw | str
sub | subpd | subps | subsd | subss
syscall | sysenter | sysexit | sysret | test
ucomisd | ucomiss | ud2 | unpckhpd | unpckhps
unpcklpd | unpcklps | verr | verw | wait
wbinvd | wrmsr | xadd | xchg | xlat
xlatb | xor | xorpd | xorps |

### Pentium 4 (Prescott) Opcodes Supported

Pentium 4 Opcodes
addsubpd | addsubps | fisttp | haddpd | haddps
hsubpd | hsubps | lddqu | monitor | movddup
movshdup | movsldup | mwait |  |

### AMD Opcodes Supported

AMD Opcodes
pavgusb | pf2id | pfacc | pfadd | pfcmpeq
pfcmpge | pfcmpgt | pfmax | pfmin | pfmul
pfnacc | pfpnacc | pfrcp | pfrcpit1 | pfrcpit2
pfrsqit1 | pfrsqrt | pfsub | pfsubr | pi2fd
pmulhrw | pswapd |  |  |

### SIMD

SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3, SSE4.1, SSE4.2 and AVX are supported.

## GCC syntax

The GNU D Compiler uses an alternative, GCC-based syntax for inline assembler:

    GccAsmStatement:
        asm FunctionAttributesopt { GccAsmInstructionList }

    GccAsmInstructionList:
        GccAsmInstruction ;
        GccAsmInstruction ; GccAsmInstructionList

    GccAsmInstruction:
        GccBasicAsmInstruction
        GccExtAsmInstruction
        GccGotoAsmInstruction

    GccBasicAsmInstruction:
        AssignExpression

    GccExtAsmInstruction:
        AssignExpression : GccAsmOperandsopt
        AssignExpression : GccAsmOperandsopt : GccAsmOperandsopt
        AssignExpression : GccAsmOperandsopt : GccAsmOperandsopt : GccAsmClobbersopt

    GccGotoAsmInstruction:
        AssignExpression : : GccAsmOperandsopt : GccAsmClobbersopt : GccAsmGotoLabelsopt

    GccAsmOperands:
        GccSymbolicNameopt StringLiteral ( AssignExpression )
        GccSymbolicNameopt StringLiteral ( AssignExpression ) , GccAsmOperands

    GccSymbolicName:
        [ Identifier ]

    GccAsmClobbers:
        StringLiteral
        StringLiteral , GccAsmClobbers

    GccAsmGotoLabels:
        Identifier
        Identifier , GccAsmGotoLabels

Floating Point
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