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# std.array

Functions and types that manipulate built-in arrays and associative arrays.
This module provides all kinds of functions to create, manipulate or convert arrays:

Function Name | Description
--- | ---
array | Returns a copy of the input in a newly allocated dynamic array.
appender | Returns a new Appender or RefAppender initialized with a given array.
assocArray | Returns a newly allocated associative array from a range of key/value tuples.
byPair | Construct a range iterating over an associative array by key/value tuples.
insertInPlace | Inserts into an existing array at a given position.
join | Concatenates a range of ranges into one array.
minimallyInitializedArray | Returns a new array of type T.
replace | Returns a new array with all occurrences of a certain subrange replaced.
replaceFirst | Returns a new array with the first occurrence of a certain subrange replaced.
replaceInPlace | Replaces all occurrences of a certain subrange and puts the result into a given array.
replaceInto | Replaces all occurrences of a certain subrange and puts the result into an output range.
replaceLast | Returns a new array with the last occurrence of a certain subrange replaced.
replaceSlice | Returns a new array with a given slice replaced.
replicate | Creates a new array out of several copies of an input array or range.
sameHead | Checks if the initial segments of two arrays refer to the same place in memory.
sameTail | Checks if the final segments of two arrays refer to the same place in memory.
split | Eagerly split a range or string into an array.
staticArray | Creates a new static array from given data.
uninitializedArray | Returns a new array of type T without initializing its elements.

License:
Boost License 1.0.
Authors:
Andrei Alexandrescu and Jonathan M Davis

Source std/array.d

ForeachType!Range[] `array`(Range)(Range `r`)
if (isIterable!Range && !isAutodecodableString!Range && !isInfinite!Range);
ForeachType!(PointerTarget!Range)[] `array`(Range)(Range `r`)
if (isPointer!Range && isIterable!(PointerTarget!Range) && !isAutodecodableString!Range && !isInfinite!Range);
  Allocates an array and initializes it with copies of the elements of range `r`.
  Narrow strings are handled as follows:
  - If autodecoding is turned on (default), then they are handled as a separate overload.
  - If autodecoding is turned off, then this is equivalent to duplicating the array.
  Parameters:

  Range `r` | range (or aggregate with opApply function) whose elements are copied into the allocated array

  Returns:
  allocated and initialized array
  Examples:

      auto a = array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5][]);
      writeln(a); // [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

CopyTypeQualifiers!(ElementType!String, dchar)[] `array`(String)(scope String `str`)
if (isAutodecodableString!String);
  Convert a narrow autodecoding string to an array type that fully supports random access. This is handled as a special case and always returns an array of dchar

  NOTE This function is never used when autodecoding is turned off.

  Parameters:

  String `str` | isNarrowString to be converted to an array of dchar

  Returns:
  a dchar[], const(dchar)[], or immutable(dchar)[] depending on the constness of the input.
  Examples:

      import std.range.primitives : isRandomAccessRange;
      import std.traits : isAutodecodableString;

      // note that if autodecoding is turned off, `array` will not transcode these.
      static if (isAutodecodableString!string)
          writeln("Hello D".array); // "Hello D"d
      else
          writeln("Hello D".array); // "Hello D"

      static if (isAutodecodableString!wstring)
          writeln("Hello D"w.array); // "Hello D"d
      else
          writeln("Hello D"w.array); // "Hello D"w

      static assert(isRandomAccessRange!dstring == true);

auto `assocArray`(Range)(Range `r`)
if (isInputRange!Range);
auto `assocArray`(Keys, Values)(Keys `keys`, Values `values`)
if (isInputRange!Values && isInputRange!Keys);
  Returns a newly allocated associative array from a range of key/value tuples or from a range of keys and a range of values.
  Parameters:

  Range `r` | An input range of tuples of keys and values.
  Keys `keys` | An input range of keys
  Values `values` | An input range of values

  Returns:
  A newly allocated associative array out of elements of the input range, which must be a range of tuples (Key, Value) or a range of keys and a range of values. If given two ranges of unequal lengths after the elements of the shorter are exhausted the remaining elements of the longer will not be considered. Returns a null associative array reference when given an empty range.

  Duplicates Associative arrays have unique keys. If r contains duplicate keys, then the result will contain the value of the last pair for that key in r.

  See Also:
  std.typecons.Tuple, std.range.zip
  Examples:

      import std.range : repeat, zip;
      import std.typecons : tuple;
      import std.range.primitives : autodecodeStrings;
      auto a = assocArray(zip([0, 1, 2], ["a", "b", "c"])); // aka zipMap
      static assert(is(typeof(a) == string[int]));
      writeln(a); // [0:"a", 1:"b", 2:"c"]

      auto b = assocArray([ tuple("foo", "bar"), tuple("baz", "quux") ]);
      static assert(is(typeof(b) == string[string]));
      writeln(b); // ["foo":"bar", "baz":"quux"]

      static if (autodecodeStrings)
          alias achar = dchar;
      else
          alias achar = immutable(char);
      auto c = assocArray("ABCD", true.repeat);
      static assert(is(typeof(c) == bool[achar]));
      bool[achar] expected = ['D':true, 'A':true, 'B':true, 'C':true];
      writeln(c); // expected

auto `byPair`(AA)(AA `aa`)
if (isAssociativeArray!AA);
  Construct a range iterating over an associative array by key/value tuples.
  Parameters:

  AA `aa` | The associative array to iterate over.

  Returns:
  A forward range of Tuple's of key and value pairs from the given associative array. The members of each pair can be accessed by name (.key and .value). or by integer index (0 and 1 respectively).
  Examples:

      import std.algorithm.sorting : sort;
      import std.typecons : tuple, Tuple;

      auto aa = ["a": 1, "b": 2, "c": 3];
      Tuple!(string, int)[] pairs;

      // Iteration over key/value pairs.
      foreach (pair; aa.byPair)
      {
          if (pair.key == "b")
              pairs ~= tuple("B", pair.value);
          else
              pairs ~= pair;
      }

      // Iteration order is implementation-dependent, so we should sort it to get
      // a fixed order.
      pairs.sort();
      assert(pairs == [
          tuple("B", 2),
          tuple("a", 1),
          tuple("c", 3)
      ]);

nothrow @system auto `uninitializedArray`(T, I...)(I `sizes`)
if (isDynamicArray!T && allSatisfy!(isIntegral, I) && hasIndirections!(ElementEncodingType!T));
nothrow @trusted auto `uninitializedArray`(T, I...)(I `sizes`)
if (isDynamicArray!T && allSatisfy!(isIntegral, I) && !hasIndirections!(ElementEncodingType!T));
  Returns a new array of type T allocated on the garbage collected heap without initializing its elements. This can be a useful optimization if every element will be immediately initialized. T may be a multidimensional array. In this case sizes may be specified for any number of dimensions from 0 to the number in T.
  uninitializedArray is nothrow and weakly pure.
  uninitializedArray is @system if the uninitialized element type has pointers.
  Parameters:

  T | The type of the resulting array elements
  I `sizes` | The length dimension(s) of the resulting array

  Returns:
  An array of T with I.length dimensions.
  Examples:

      double[] arr = uninitializedArray!(double[])(100);
      writeln(arr.length); // 100

      double[][] matrix = uninitializedArray!(double[][])(42, 31);
      writeln(matrix.length); // 42
      writeln(matrix[0].length); // 31

      char*[] ptrs = uninitializedArray!(char*[])(100);
      writeln(ptrs.length); // 100

nothrow @trusted auto `minimallyInitializedArray`(T, I...)(I `sizes`)
if (isDynamicArray!T && allSatisfy!(isIntegral, I));
  Returns a new array of type T allocated on the garbage collected heap.
  Partial initialization is done for types with indirections, for preservation of memory safety. Note that elements will only be initialized to 0, but not necessarily the element type's .init.
  minimallyInitializedArray is nothrow and weakly pure.
  Parameters:

  T | The type of the array elements
  I `sizes` | The length dimension(s) of the resulting array

  Returns:
  An array of T with I.length dimensions.
  Examples:

      import std.algorithm.comparison : equal;
      import std.range : repeat;

      auto arr = minimallyInitializedArray!(int[])(42);
      writeln(arr.length); // 42

      // Elements aren't necessarily initialized to 0, so don't do this:
      // assert(arr.equal(0.repeat(42)));
      // If that is needed, initialize the array normally instead:
      auto arr2 = new int[42];
      assert(arr2.equal(0.repeat(42)));

@trusted CommonType!(T[], U[]) `overlap`(T, U)(T[] `a`, U[] `b`)
if (is(typeof(`a`.ptr < `b`.ptr) == bool));
  Returns the overlapping portion, if any, of two arrays. Unlike equal, `overlap` only compares the pointers and lengths in the ranges, not the values referred by them. If r1 and r2 have an overlapping slice, returns that slice. Otherwise, returns the null slice.
  Parameters:

  T[] `a` | The first array to compare
  U[] `b` | The second array to compare

  Returns:
  The overlapping portion of the two arrays.
  Examples:

      int[] a = [ 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 ];
      int[] b = a[1 .. 3];
      writeln(overlap(a, b)); // [11, 12]
      b = b.dup;
      // overlap disappears even though the content is the same
      assert(overlap(a, b).empty);

      static test()() @nogc
      {
          auto a = "It's three o'clock"d;
          auto b = a[5 .. 10];
          return b.overlap(a);
      }

      //works at compile-time
      static assert(test == "three"d);

void `insertInPlace`(T, U...)(ref T[] `array`, size_t `pos`, U `stuff`)
if (!isSomeString!(T[]) && allSatisfy!(isInputRangeOrConvertible!T, U) && (U.length > 0));
void `insertInPlace`(T, U...)(ref T[] `array`, size_t `pos`, U `stuff`)
if (isSomeString!(T[]) && allSatisfy!(isCharOrStringOrDcharRange, U));
  Inserts `stuff` (which must be an input range or any number of implicitly convertible items) in `array` at position `pos`.
  Parameters:

  T[] `array` | The array that `stuff` will be inserted into.
  size_t `pos` | The position in `array` to insert the `stuff`.
  U `stuff` | An input range, or any number of implicitly convertible items to insert into `array`.

  Examples:

      int[] a = [ 1, 2, 3, 4 ];
      a.insertInPlace(2, [ 1, 2 ]);
      writeln(a); // [1, 2, 1, 2, 3, 4]
      a.insertInPlace(3, 10u, 11);
      writeln(a); // [1, 2, 1, 10, 11, 2, 3, 4]

pure nothrow @safe bool `sameHead`(T)(in T[] `lhs`, in T[] `rhs`);
  Returns whether the fronts of `lhs` and `rhs` both refer to the same place in memory, making one of the arrays a slice of the other which starts at index 0.
  Parameters:

  T[] `lhs` | the first array to compare
  T[] `rhs` | the second array to compare

  Returns:
  true if lhs.ptr == rhs.ptr, false otherwise.
  Examples:

      auto a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
      auto b = a[0 .. 2];

      assert(a.sameHead(b));

pure nothrow @trusted bool `sameTail`(T)(in T[] `lhs`, in T[] `rhs`);
  Returns whether the backs of `lhs` and `rhs` both refer to the same place in memory, making one of the arrays a slice of the other which end at index $.
  Parameters:

  T[] `lhs` | the first array to compare
  T[] `rhs` | the second array to compare

  Returns:
  true if both arrays are the same length and lhs.ptr == rhs.ptr, false otherwise.
  Examples:

      auto a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
      auto b = a[3..$];

      assert(a.sameTail(b));

ElementEncodingType!S[] `replicate`(S)(S `s`, size_t `n`)
if (isDynamicArray!S);
ElementType!S[] `replicate`(S)(S `s`, size_t `n`)
if (isInputRange!S && !isDynamicArray!S);
  Parameters:

  S `s` | an input range or a dynamic array
  size_t `n` | number of times to repeat `s`

  Returns:
  An array that consists of `s` repeated `n` times. This function allocates, fills, and returns a new array.
  See Also:
  For a lazy version, refer to std.range.repeat.
  Examples:

      auto a = "abc";
      auto s = replicate(a, 3);

      writeln(s); // "abcabcabc"

      auto b = [1, 2, 3];
      auto c = replicate(b, 3);

      writeln(c); // [1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3]

      auto d = replicate(b, 0);

      writeln(d); // []

pure @safe S[] `split`(S)(S `s`)
if (isSomeString!S);
auto `split`(Range, Separator)(Range `range`, Separator `sep`)
if (isForwardRange!Range && (is(typeof(ElementType!Range.init == Separator.init)) || is(typeof(ElementType!Range.init == ElementType!Separator.init)) && isForwardRange!Separator));
auto `split`(alias isTerminator, Range)(Range `range`)
if (isForwardRange!Range && is(typeof(unaryFun!isTerminator(`range`.front))));
  Eagerly splits `range` into an array, using `sep` as the delimiter.
  When no delimiter is provided, strings are split into an array of words, using whitespace as delimiter. Runs of whitespace are merged together (no empty words are produced).
  The `range` must be a forward range. The separator can be a value of the same type as the elements in `range` or it can be another forward `range`.
  Parameters:

  S `s` | the string to split by word if no separator is given
  Range `range` | the range to split
  Separator `sep` | a value of the same type as the elements of `range` or another
  isTerminator | a predicate that splits the range when it returns true.

  Returns:
  An array containing the divided parts of `range` (or the words of `s`).
  See Also:
  std.algorithm.iteration.splitter for a lazy version without allocating memory.
  std.regex.splitter for a version that splits using a regular expression defined separator.
  Examples:

      import std.uni : isWhite;
      writeln("Learning,D,is,fun".split(",")); // ["Learning", "D", "is", "fun"]
      writeln("Learning D is fun".split!isWhite); // ["Learning", "D", "is", "fun"]
      writeln("Learning D is fun".split(" D ")); // ["Learning", "is fun"]

  Examples:

      string str = "Hello World!";
      writeln(str.split); // ["Hello", "World!"]

      string str2 = "Hello\t\tWorld\t!";
      writeln(str2.split); // ["Hello", "World", "!"]

  Examples:

      writeln(split("hello world")); // ["hello", "world"]
      writeln(split("192.168.0.1", ".")); // ["192", "168", "0", "1"]

      auto a = split([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5], [2, 3]);
      writeln(a); // [[1], [4, 5, 1], [4, 5]]

ElementEncodingType!(ElementType!RoR)[] `join`(RoR, R)(RoR `ror`, scope R `sep`)
if (isInputRange!RoR && isInputRange!(Unqual!(ElementType!RoR)) && isInputRange!R && (is(immutable(ElementType!(ElementType!RoR)) == immutable(ElementType!R)) || isSomeChar!(ElementType!(ElementType!RoR)) && isSomeChar!(ElementType!R)));
ElementEncodingType!(ElementType!RoR)[] `join`(RoR, E)(RoR `ror`, scope E `sep`)
if (isInputRange!RoR && isInputRange!(Unqual!(ElementType!RoR)) && (is(E : ElementType!(ElementType!RoR)) || !autodecodeStrings && isSomeChar!(ElementType!(ElementType!RoR)) && isSomeChar!E));
ElementEncodingType!(ElementType!RoR)[] `join`(RoR)(RoR `ror`)
if (isInputRange!RoR && isInputRange!(Unqual!(ElementType!RoR)));
  Eagerly concatenates all of the ranges in `ror` together (with the GC) into one array using `sep` as the separator if present.
  Parameters:

  RoR `ror` | An input range of input ranges
  R `sep` | An input range, or a single element, to join the ranges on

  Returns:
  An array of elements
  See Also:
  For a lazy version, see std.algorithm.iteration.joiner
  Examples:

      writeln(join(["hello", "silly", "world"], " ")); // "hello silly world"
      writeln(join(["hello", "silly", "world"])); // "hellosillyworld"

      writeln(join([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5]], [72, 73])); // [1, 2, 3, 72, 73, 4, 5]
      writeln(join([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5]])); // [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

      const string[] arr = ["apple", "banana"];
      writeln(arr.join(",")); // "apple,banana"
      writeln(arr.join()); // "applebanana"

E[] `replace`(E, R1, R2)(E[] `subject`, R1 `from`, R2 `to`)
if (isForwardRange!R1 && isForwardRange!R2 && (hasLength!R2 || isSomeString!R2) || is(Unqual!E : Unqual!R1));
  Replace occurrences of `from` with `to` in `subject` in a new array.
  Parameters:

  E[] `subject` | the array to scan
  R1 `from` | the item to replace
  R2 `to` | the item to replace all instances of `from` with

  Returns:
  A new array without changing the contents of `subject`, or the original array if no match is found.
  See Also:
  std.algorithm.iteration.substitute for a lazy replace.
  Examples:

      writeln("Hello Wörld".replace("o Wö", "o Wo")); // "Hello World"
      writeln("Hello Wörld".replace("l", "h")); // "Hehho Wörhd"

void `replaceInto`(E, Sink, R1, R2)(Sink `sink`, E[] `subject`, R1 `from`, R2 `to`)
if (isOutputRange!(Sink, E) && (isForwardRange!R1 && isForwardRange!R2 && (hasLength!R2 || isSomeString!R2) || is(Unqual!E : Unqual!R1)));
  Replace occurrences of `from` with `to` in `subject` and output the result into `sink`.
  Parameters:

  Sink `sink` | an output range
  E[] `subject` | the array to scan
  R1 `from` | the item to replace
  R2 `to` | the item to replace all instances of `from` with

  See Also:
  std.algorithm.iteration.substitute for a lazy replace.
  Examples:

      auto arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
      auto from = [2, 3];
      auto to = [4, 6];
      auto sink = appender!(int[])();

      replaceInto(sink, arr, from, to);

      writeln(sink.data); // [1, 4, 6, 4, 5]

T[] `replace`(T, Range)(T[] `subject`, size_t `from`, size_t `to`, Range `stuff`)
if (isInputRange!Range && (is(ElementType!Range : T) || isSomeString!(T[]) && is(ElementType!Range : dchar)));
  Replaces elements from array with indices ranging from `from` (inclusive) to `to` (exclusive) with the range `stuff`.
  Parameters:

  T[] `subject` | the array to scan
  size_t `from` | the starting index
  size_t `to` | the ending index
  Range `stuff` | the items to replace in-between `from` and `to`

  Returns:
  A new array without changing the contents of `subject`.
  See Also:
  std.algorithm.iteration.substitute for a lazy replace.
  Examples:

      auto a = [ 1, 2, 3, 4 ];
      auto b = a.replace(1, 3, [ 9, 9, 9 ]);
      writeln(a); // [1, 2, 3, 4]
      writeln(b); // [1, 9, 9, 9, 4]

void `replaceInPlace`(T, Range)(ref T[] `array`, size_t `from`, size_t `to`, Range `stuff`)
if (is(typeof(replace(`array`, `from`, `to`, `stuff`))));
  Replaces elements from `array` with indices ranging from `from` (inclusive) to `to` (exclusive) with the range `stuff`. Expands or shrinks the array as needed.
  Parameters:

  T[] `array` | the array to scan
  size_t `from` | the starting index
  size_t `to` | the ending index
  Range `stuff` | the items to replace in-between `from` and `to`

  Examples:

      int[] a = [1, 4, 5];
      replaceInPlace(a, 1u, 2u, [2, 3, 4]);
      writeln(a); // [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
      replaceInPlace(a, 1u, 2u, cast(int[])[]);
      writeln(a); // [1, 3, 4, 5]
      replaceInPlace(a, 1u, 3u, a[2 .. 4]);
      writeln(a); // [1, 4, 5, 5]

E[] `replaceFirst`(E, R1, R2)(E[] `subject`, R1 `from`, R2 `to`)
if (isDynamicArray!(E[]) && isForwardRange!R1 && is(typeof(appender!(E[])().put(`from`[0..1]))) && isForwardRange!R2 && is(typeof(appender!(E[])().put(`to`[0..1]))));
  Replaces the first occurrence of `from` with `to` in `subject`.
  Parameters:

  E[] `subject` | the array to scan
  R1 `from` | the item to replace
  R2 `to` | the item to replace `from` with

  Returns:
  A new array without changing the contents of `subject`, or the original array if no match is found.
  Examples:

      auto a = [1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 5];
      auto b = a.replaceFirst([2], [1337]);
      writeln(b); // [1, 1337, 2, 3, 4, 5]

      auto s = "This is a foo foo list";
      auto r = s.replaceFirst("foo", "silly");
      writeln(r); // "This is a silly foo list"

E[] `replaceLast`(E, R1, R2)(E[] `subject`, R1 `from`, R2 `to`)
if (isDynamicArray!(E[]) && isForwardRange!R1 && is(typeof(appender!(E[])().put(`from`[0..1]))) && isForwardRange!R2 && is(typeof(appender!(E[])().put(`to`[0..1]))));
  Replaces the last occurrence of `from` with `to` in `subject`.
  Parameters:

  E[] `subject` | the array to scan
  R1 `from` | the item to replace
  R2 `to` | the item to replace `from` with

  Returns:
  A new array without changing the contents of `subject`, or the original array if no match is found.
  Examples:

      auto a = [1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 5];
      auto b = a.replaceLast([2], [1337]);
      writeln(b); // [1, 2, 1337, 3, 4, 5]

      auto s = "This is a foo foo list";
      auto r = s.replaceLast("foo", "silly");
      writeln(r); // "This is a foo silly list"

inout(T)[] `replaceSlice`(T)(inout(T)[] `s`, in T[] `slice`, in T[] `replacement`);
  Creates a new array such that the items in `slice` are replaced with the items in `replacement`. `slice` and `replacement` do not need to be the same length. The result will grow or shrink based on the items given.
  Parameters:

  inout(T)[] `s` | the base of the new array
  T[] `slice` | the slice of `s` to be replaced
  T[] `replacement` | the items to replace `slice` with

  Returns:
  A new array that is `s` with `slice` replaced by `replacement`[].
  See Also:
  std.algorithm.iteration.substitute for a lazy replace.
  Examples:

      auto a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
      auto b = replaceSlice(a, a[1 .. 4], [0, 0, 0]);

      writeln(b); // [1, 0, 0, 0, 5]

struct `Appender`(A) if (isDynamicArray!A);
  Implements an output range that appends data to an array. This is recommended over array ~= data when appending many elements because it is more efficient. `Appender` maintains its own array metadata locally, so it can avoid global locking for each append where capacity is non-zero.
  Parameters:

  A | the array type to simulate.

  See Also:
  appender
  Examples:

      auto app = appender!string();
      string b = "abcdefg";
      foreach (char c; b)
          app.put(c);
      writeln(app[]); // "abcdefg"

      int[] a = [ 1, 2 ];
      auto app2 = appender(a);
      app2.put(3);
      app2.put([ 4, 5, 6 ]);
      writeln(app2[]); // [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

  pure nothrow @trusted this(A `arr`);
    Constructs an Appender with a given array. Note that this does not copy the data. If the array has a larger capacity as determined by `arr`.capacity, it will be used by the appender. After initializing an appender on an array, appending to the original array will reallocate.
  void `reserve`(size_t `newCapacity`);
    Reserve at least newCapacity elements for appending. Note that more elements may be reserved than requested. If `newCapacity` <= capacity, then nothing is done.
    Parameters:

    size_t `newCapacity` | the capacity the Appender should have

  const pure nothrow @property @safe size_t `capacity`();
    Returns:
    the capacity of the array (the maximum number of elements the managed array can accommodate before triggering a reallocation). If any appending will reallocate, 0 will be returned.
  inout pure nothrow @property @trusted inout(ElementEncodingType!A)[] `data`();
    Use opSlice() from now on.
    Returns:
    The managed array.
  inout pure nothrow @property @trusted inout(ElementEncodingType!A)[] `opSlice`();
    Returns:
    The managed array.
  void `put`(U)(U `item`)
  if (canPutItem!U);
    Appends `item` to the managed array. Performs encoding for char types if A is a differently typed char array.
    Parameters:

    U `item` | the single item to append

  void `put`(Range)(Range `items`)
  if (canPutRange!Range);
    Appends an entire range to the managed array. Performs encoding for char elements if A is a differently typed char array.
    Parameters:

    Range `items` | the range of items to append

  template `opOpAssign`(string op : "~")
    Appends to the managed array.
    See Also:
    Appender.put
  pure nothrow @trusted void `clear`();
    Clears the managed array. This allows the elements of the array to be reused for appending.

    Note clear is disabled for immutable or const element types, due to the possibility that Appender might overwrite immutable data.

  pure @trusted void `shrinkTo`(size_t `newlength`);
    Shrinks the managed array to the given length.
    Throws:
    Exception if newlength is greater than the current array length.

    Note shrinkTo is disabled for immutable or const element types.

  const string `toString`()();
  const void `toString`(Writer)(ref Writer `w`, ref scope const FormatSpec!char `fmt`)
  if (isOutputRange!(Writer, char));
    Gives a string in the form of Appender!(A)(data).
    Parameters:

    Writer `w` | A char accepting output range.
    FormatSpec!char `fmt` | A std.format.FormatSpec which controls how the array is formatted.

    Returns:
    A string if writer is not set; void otherwise.
struct `RefAppender`(A) if (isDynamicArray!A);
  A version of Appender that can update an array in-place. It forwards all calls to an underlying appender implementation. Any calls made to the appender also update the pointer to the original array passed in.

  Tip Use the arrayPtr overload of appender for construction with type-inference.

  Parameters:

  A | The array type to simulate

  Examples:

      int[] a = [1, 2];
      auto app2 = appender(&a);
      writeln(app2[]); // [1, 2]
      writeln(a); // [1, 2]
      app2 ~= 3;
      app2 ~= [4, 5, 6];
      writeln(app2[]); // [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
      writeln(a); // [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

      app2.reserve(5);
      assert(app2.capacity >= 5);

  this(A* `arr`);
    Constructs a RefAppender with a given array reference. This does not copy the data. If the array has a larger capacity as determined by `arr`.capacity, it will be used by the appender.

    Note Do not use built-in appending (i.e. ~=) on the original array until you are done with the appender, because subsequent calls to the appender will reallocate the array data without those appends.

    Parameters:

    A* `arr` | Pointer to an array. Must not be null.

  void `opDispatch`(string fn, Args...)(Args `args`)
  if (__traits(compiles, (Appender!A a) => mixin("a." ~ fn ~ "(`args`)")));
    Wraps remaining Appender methods such as put.
    Parameters:

    fn | Method name to call.
    Args `args` | Arguments to pass to the method.

  void `opOpAssign`(string op : "~", U)(U `rhs`)
  if (__traits(compiles, (Appender!A a) { a.put(`rhs`); } ));
    Appends `rhs` to the managed array.
    Parameters:

    U `rhs` | Element or range.

  const @property size_t `capacity`();
    Returns the capacity of the array (the maximum number of elements the managed array can accommodate before triggering a reallocation). If any appending will reallocate, `capacity` returns 0.
  inout @property inout(ElementEncodingType!A)[] `opSlice`();
    Returns:
    the managed array.
Appender!A `appender`(A)()
if (isDynamicArray!A);
Appender!(E[]) `appender`(A : E[], E)(auto ref A `array`);
  Convenience function that returns an Appender instance, optionally initialized with `array`.
  Examples:

      auto w = appender!string;
      // pre-allocate space for at least 10 elements (this avoids costly reallocations)
      w.reserve(10);
      assert(w.capacity >= 10);

      w.put('a'); // single elements
      w.put("bc"); // multiple elements

      // use the append syntax
      w ~= 'd';
      w ~= "ef";

      writeln(w[]); // "abcdef"

RefAppender!(E[]) `appender`(P : E[]*, E)(P `arrayPtr`);
  Convenience function that returns a RefAppender instance initialized with `arrayPtr`. Don't use null for the array pointer, use the other version of `appender` instead.
  Examples:

      int[] a = [1, 2];
      auto app2 = appender(&a);
      writeln(app2[]); // [1, 2]
      writeln(a); // [1, 2]
      app2 ~= 3;
      app2 ~= [4, 5, 6];
      writeln(app2[]); // [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
      writeln(a); // [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

      app2.reserve(5);
      assert(app2.capacity >= 5);

T[n] `staticArray`(T, size_t n)(auto ref T[n] `a`);
auto `staticArray`(size_t n, T)(scope T `a`)
if (isInputRange!T);
auto `staticArray`(size_t n, T)(scope T `a`, out size_t `rangeLength`)
if (isInputRange!T);
auto `staticArray`(Un : U[n], U, size_t n, T)(scope T `a`)
if (isInputRange!T && is(ElementType!T : U));
auto `staticArray`(Un : U[n], U, size_t n, T)(scope T `a`, out size_t `rangeLength`)
if (isInputRange!T && is(ElementType!T : U));
auto `staticArray`(alias a)()
if (isInputRange!(typeof(a)));
auto `staticArray`(U, alias a)()
if (isInputRange!(typeof(a)));
  Constructs a static array from `a`. The type of elements can be specified implicitly so that [1, 2].staticArray results in int[2], or explicitly, e.g. [1, 2].staticArray!float returns float[2]. When `a` is a range whose length is not known at compile time, the number of elements must be given as template argument (e.g. myrange.`staticArray`!2). Size and type can be combined, if the source range elements are implicitly convertible to the requested element type (eg: 2.iota.`staticArray`!(long[2])). When the range `a` is known at compile time, it can also be specified as a template argument to avoid having to specify the number of elements (e.g.: `staticArray`!(2.iota) or `staticArray`!(double, 2.iota)).

  Note `staticArray` returns by value, so expressions involving large arrays may be inefficient.

  Parameters:

  T[n] `a` | The input elements. If there are less elements than the specified length of the static array, the rest of it is default-initialized. If there are more than specified, the first elements up to the specified length are used.
  size_t `rangeLength` | outputs the number of elements used from `a` to it. Optional.

  Returns:
  A static array constructed from `a`.
  Examples:
  static array from array literal

      auto a = [0, 1].staticArray;
      static assert(is(typeof(a) == int[2]));
      writeln(a); // [0, 1]

  Examples:
  static array from range + size

      import std.range : iota;

      auto input = 3.iota;
      auto a = input.staticArray!2;
      static assert(is(typeof(a) == int[2]));
      writeln(a); // [0, 1]
      auto b = input.staticArray!(long[4]);
      static assert(is(typeof(b) == long[4]));
      writeln(b); // [0, 1, 2, 0]

  Examples:
  static array from CT range

      import std.range : iota;

      enum a = staticArray!(2.iota);
      static assert(is(typeof(a) == int[2]));
      writeln(a); // [0, 1]

      enum b = staticArray!(long, 2.iota);
      static assert(is(typeof(b) == long[2]));
      writeln(b); // [0, 1]

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