D Grammar - D Programming Language
Description: D Programming Language
Keywords: D programming language

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# D Grammar

Contents

1. Modules
2. Declarations
3. Types
4. Attributes
5. Pragmas
6. Expressions
7. Statements
8. Structs and Unions
9. Classes
10. Interfaces
11. Enums
12. Functions
13. Templates
14. Template Mixins
15. Conditional Compilation
16. Traits
17. Unit Tests
18. D x86 Inline Assembler
19. Named Character Entities
20. Application Binary Interface

## Lexical Syntax

Refer to the page for lexical syntax.

## Modules

    Module:
        ModuleDeclaration DeclDefs
        DeclDefs

    DeclDefs:
        DeclDef
        DeclDef DeclDefs

    DeclDef:
        AttributeSpecifier
        Declaration
        Constructor
        Destructor
        Postblit
        Allocator
        Deallocator
        ClassInvariant
        StructInvariant
        UnitTest
        AliasThis
        StaticConstructor
        StaticDestructor
        SharedStaticConstructor
        SharedStaticDestructor
        ConditionalDeclaration
        DebugSpecification
        VersionSpecification
        StaticAssert
        TemplateDeclaration
        TemplateMixinDeclaration
        TemplateMixin
        MixinDeclaration
        ;

    ModuleDeclaration:
        ModuleAttributesopt module ModuleFullyQualifiedName ;

    ModuleAttributes:
        ModuleAttribute
        ModuleAttribute ModuleAttributes

    ModuleAttribute:
        DeprecatedAttribute
        UserDefinedAttribute

    ModuleFullyQualifiedName:
        ModuleName
        Packages . ModuleName

    ModuleName:
        Identifier

    Packages:
        PackageName
        Packages . PackageName

    PackageName:
        Identifier

    ImportDeclaration:
        import ImportList ;
        static import ImportList ;

    ImportList:
        Import
        ImportBindings
        Import , ImportList

    Import:
        ModuleFullyQualifiedName
        ModuleAliasIdentifier = ModuleFullyQualifiedName

    ImportBindings:
        Import : ImportBindList

    ImportBindList:
        ImportBind
        ImportBind , ImportBindList

    ImportBind:
        Identifier
        Identifier = Identifier

    ModuleAliasIdentifier:
        Identifier

    MixinDeclaration:
        mixin ( ArgumentList ) ;

## Declarations

    Declaration:
        FuncDeclaration
        VarDeclarations
        AliasDeclaration
        AggregateDeclaration
        EnumDeclaration
        ImportDeclaration
        ConditionalDeclaration
        StaticForeachDeclaration
        StaticAssert

    VarDeclarations:
        StorageClassesopt BasicType Declarators ;
        AutoDeclaration

    Declarators:
        DeclaratorInitializer
        DeclaratorInitializer , DeclaratorIdentifierList

    DeclaratorInitializer:
        VarDeclarator
        VarDeclarator TemplateParametersopt = Initializer
        AltDeclarator
        AltDeclarator = Initializer

    DeclaratorIdentifierList:
        DeclaratorIdentifier
        DeclaratorIdentifier , DeclaratorIdentifierList

    DeclaratorIdentifier:
        VarDeclaratorIdentifier
        AltDeclaratorIdentifier

    VarDeclaratorIdentifier:
        Identifier
        Identifier TemplateParametersopt = Initializer

    AltDeclaratorIdentifier:
        BasicType2 Identifier AltDeclaratorSuffixesopt
        BasicType2 Identifier AltDeclaratorSuffixesopt = Initializer
        BasicType2opt Identifier AltDeclaratorSuffixes
        BasicType2opt Identifier AltDeclaratorSuffixes = Initializer

    Declarator:
        VarDeclarator
        AltDeclarator

    VarDeclarator:
        BasicType2opt Identifier

    AltDeclarator:
        BasicType2opt Identifier AltDeclaratorSuffixes
        BasicType2opt ( AltDeclaratorX )
        BasicType2opt ( AltDeclaratorX ) AltFuncDeclaratorSuffix
        BasicType2opt ( AltDeclaratorX ) AltDeclaratorSuffixes

    AltDeclaratorX:
        BasicType2opt Identifier
        BasicType2opt Identifier AltFuncDeclaratorSuffix
        AltDeclarator

    AltDeclaratorSuffixes:
        AltDeclaratorSuffix
        AltDeclaratorSuffix AltDeclaratorSuffixes

    AltDeclaratorSuffix:
        [ ]
        [ AssignExpression ]
        [ Type ]

    AltFuncDeclaratorSuffix:
        Parameters MemberFunctionAttributesopt

    Type:
        TypeCtorsopt BasicType BasicType2opt

    TypeCtors:
        TypeCtor
        TypeCtor TypeCtors

    TypeCtor:
        const
        immutable
        inout
        shared

    BasicType:
        BasicTypeX
        . IdentifierList
        IdentifierList
        Typeof
        Typeof . IdentifierList
        TypeCtor ( Type )
        Vector
        Traits
        MixinType

    Vector:
        __vector ( VectorBaseType )

    VectorBaseType:
        Type

    BasicTypeX:
        bool
        byte
        ubyte
        short
        ushort
        int
        uint
        long
        ulong
        cent
        ucent
        char
        wchar
        dchar
        float
        double
        real
        ifloat
        idouble
        ireal
        cfloat
        cdouble
        creal
        void

    BasicType2:
        BasicType2X BasicType2opt

    BasicType2X:
        *
        [ ]
        [ AssignExpression ]
        [ AssignExpression .. AssignExpression ]
        [ Type ]
        delegate Parameters MemberFunctionAttributesopt
        function Parameters FunctionAttributesopt

    IdentifierList:
        Identifier
        Identifier . IdentifierList
        TemplateInstance
        TemplateInstance . IdentifierList
        Identifier [ AssignExpression ]
        Identifier [ AssignExpression ]. IdentifierList

    StorageClasses:
        StorageClass
        StorageClass StorageClasses

    StorageClass:
        LinkageAttribute
        AlignAttribute
        deprecated
        enum
        static
        extern
        abstract
        final
        override
        synchronized
        auto
        scope
        const
        immutable
        inout
        shared
        __gshared
        Property
        nothrow
        pure
        ref

    Initializer:
        VoidInitializer
        NonVoidInitializer

    NonVoidInitializer:
        ExpInitializer
        ArrayInitializer
        StructInitializer

    ExpInitializer:
        AssignExpression

    ArrayInitializer:
        [ ArrayMemberInitializationsopt ]

    ArrayMemberInitializations:
        ArrayMemberInitialization
        ArrayMemberInitialization ,
        ArrayMemberInitialization , ArrayMemberInitializations

    ArrayMemberInitialization:
        NonVoidInitializer
        AssignExpression : NonVoidInitializer

    StructInitializer:
        { StructMemberInitializersopt }

    StructMemberInitializers:
        StructMemberInitializer
        StructMemberInitializer ,
        StructMemberInitializer , StructMemberInitializers

    StructMemberInitializer:
        NonVoidInitializer
        Identifier : NonVoidInitializer

    AutoDeclaration:
        StorageClasses AutoDeclarationX ;

    AutoDeclarationX:
        AutoDeclarationY
        AutoDeclarationX , AutoDeclarationY

    AutoDeclarationY:
        Identifier TemplateParametersopt = Initializer

    AliasDeclaration:
        alias StorageClassesopt BasicType Declarators ;
        alias StorageClassesopt BasicType FuncDeclarator ;
        alias AliasDeclarationX ;

    AliasDeclarationX:
        AliasDeclarationY
        AliasDeclarationX , AliasDeclarationY

    AliasDeclarationY:
        Identifier TemplateParametersopt = StorageClassesopt Type
        Identifier TemplateParametersopt = FunctionLiteral
        Identifier TemplateParametersopt = StorageClassesopt BasicType Parameters MemberFunctionAttributesopt

    Typeof:
        typeof ( Expression )
        typeof ( return )

    VoidInitializer:
        void

## Types

    MixinType:
        mixin ( ArgumentList )

## Attributes

    AttributeSpecifier:
        Attribute :
        Attribute DeclarationBlock

    Attribute:
        LinkageAttribute
        AlignAttribute
        DeprecatedAttribute
        VisibilityAttribute
        Pragma
        static
        extern
        abstract
        final
        override
        synchronized
        auto
        scope
        const
        immutable
        inout
        shared
        __gshared
        AtAttribute
        nothrow
        pure
        ref
        return

    AtAttribute:
        @ disable
        @ nogc
        @ live
        Property
        @ safe
        @ system
        @ trusted
        UserDefinedAttribute

    Property:
        @ property

    DeclarationBlock:
        DeclDef
        { DeclDefsopt }

    LinkageAttribute:
        extern ( LinkageType )
        extern ( C++, IdentifierList )

    LinkageType:
        C
        C++
        D
        Windows
        System
        Objective-C

    AlignAttribute:
        align
        align ( AssignExpression )

    DeprecatedAttribute:
        deprecated
        deprecated ( AssignExpression )

    VisibilityAttribute:
        private
        package
        package ( IdentifierList )
        protected
        public
        export

    UserDefinedAttribute:
        @ ( ArgumentList )
        @ Identifier
        @ Identifier ( ArgumentListopt )
        @ TemplateInstance
        @ TemplateInstance ( ArgumentListopt )

## Pragmas

    Pragma:
        pragma ( Identifier )
        pragma ( Identifier , ArgumentList )

## Expressions

    Expression:
        CommaExpression

    CommaExpression:
        AssignExpression
        AssignExpression , CommaExpression

    AssignExpression:
        ConditionalExpression
        ConditionalExpression = AssignExpression
        ConditionalExpression += AssignExpression
        ConditionalExpression -= AssignExpression
        ConditionalExpression *= AssignExpression
        ConditionalExpression /= AssignExpression
        ConditionalExpression %= AssignExpression
        ConditionalExpression &= AssignExpression
        ConditionalExpression |= AssignExpression
        ConditionalExpression ^= AssignExpression
        ConditionalExpression ~= AssignExpression
        ConditionalExpression <<= AssignExpression
        ConditionalExpression >>= AssignExpression
        ConditionalExpression >>>= AssignExpression
        ConditionalExpression ^^= AssignExpression

    ConditionalExpression:
        OrOrExpression
        OrOrExpression ? Expression : ConditionalExpression

    OrOrExpression:
        AndAndExpression
        OrOrExpression || AndAndExpression

    AndAndExpression:
        OrExpression
        AndAndExpression && OrExpression

    OrExpression:
        XorExpression
        OrExpression | XorExpression

    XorExpression:
        AndExpression
        XorExpression ^ AndExpression

    AndExpression:
        CmpExpression
        AndExpression & CmpExpression

    CmpExpression:
        ShiftExpression
        EqualExpression
        IdentityExpression
        RelExpression
        InExpression

    EqualExpression:
        ShiftExpression == ShiftExpression
        ShiftExpression != ShiftExpression

    IdentityExpression:
        ShiftExpression is ShiftExpression
        ShiftExpression !is ShiftExpression

    RelExpression:
        ShiftExpression < ShiftExpression
        ShiftExpression <= ShiftExpression
        ShiftExpression > ShiftExpression
        ShiftExpression >= ShiftExpression

    InExpression:
        ShiftExpression in ShiftExpression
        ShiftExpression !in ShiftExpression

    ShiftExpression:
        AddExpression
        ShiftExpression << AddExpression
        ShiftExpression >> AddExpression
        ShiftExpression >>> AddExpression

    AddExpression:
        MulExpression
        AddExpression + MulExpression
        AddExpression - MulExpression
        CatExpression

    CatExpression:
        AddExpression ~ MulExpression

    MulExpression:
        UnaryExpression
        MulExpression * UnaryExpression
        MulExpression / UnaryExpression
        MulExpression % UnaryExpression

    UnaryExpression:
        & UnaryExpression
        ++ UnaryExpression
        -- UnaryExpression
        * UnaryExpression
        - UnaryExpression
        + UnaryExpression
        ! UnaryExpression
        ComplementExpression
        ( Type ) . Identifier
        ( Type ) . TemplateInstance
        DeleteExpression
        CastExpression
        PowExpression

    ComplementExpression:
        ~ UnaryExpression

    NewExpression:
        new AllocatorArgumentsopt Type
        NewExpressionWithArgs

    NewExpressionWithArgs:
        new AllocatorArgumentsopt Type [ AssignExpression ]
        new AllocatorArgumentsopt Type ( ArgumentListopt )
        NewAnonClassExpression

    AllocatorArguments:
        ( ArgumentListopt )

    ArgumentList:
        AssignExpression
        AssignExpression ,
        AssignExpression , ArgumentList

    DeleteExpression:
        delete UnaryExpression

    CastExpression:
        cast ( Type ) UnaryExpression
        cast ( TypeCtorsopt ) UnaryExpression

    PowExpression:
        PostfixExpression
        PostfixExpression ^^ UnaryExpression

    PostfixExpression:
        PrimaryExpression
        PostfixExpression . Identifier
        PostfixExpression . TemplateInstance
        PostfixExpression . NewExpression
        PostfixExpression ++
        PostfixExpression --
        PostfixExpression ( ArgumentListopt )
        TypeCtorsopt BasicType ( ArgumentListopt )
        IndexExpression
        SliceExpression

    IndexExpression:
        PostfixExpression [ ArgumentList ]

    SliceExpression:
        PostfixExpression [ ]
        PostfixExpression [ Slice ,opt ]
    Slice:
        AssignExpression
        AssignExpression , Slice
        AssignExpression .. AssignExpression
        AssignExpression .. AssignExpression , Slice

    PrimaryExpression:
        Identifier
        . Identifier
        TemplateInstance
        . TemplateInstance
        this
        super
        null
        true
        false
        $
        IntegerLiteral
        FloatLiteral
        CharacterLiteral
        StringLiterals
        ArrayLiteral
        AssocArrayLiteral
        FunctionLiteral
        AssertExpression
        MixinExpression
        ImportExpression
        NewExpressionWithArgs
        BasicTypeX . Identifier
        BasicTypeX ( ArgumentListopt )
        TypeCtor ( Type ) . Identifier
        TypeCtor ( Type ) ( ArgumentListopt )
        Typeof
        TypeidExpression
        IsExpression
        ( Expression )
        SpecialKeyword
        TraitsExpression

    StringLiterals:
        StringLiteral
        StringLiterals StringLiteral

    ArrayLiteral:
        [ ArgumentListopt ]

    AssocArrayLiteral:
        [ KeyValuePairs ]

    KeyValuePairs:
        KeyValuePair
        KeyValuePair , KeyValuePairs

    KeyValuePair:
        KeyExpression : ValueExpression

    KeyExpression:
        AssignExpression

    ValueExpression:
        AssignExpression

    FunctionLiteral:
        function refopt Typeopt ParameterWithAttributes opt FunctionLiteralBody
        delegate refopt Typeopt ParameterWithMemberAttributes opt FunctionLiteralBody
        refopt ParameterWithMemberAttributes FunctionLiteralBody
        FunctionLiteralBody
        Lambda

    ParameterWithAttributes:
        Parameters FunctionAttributesopt

    ParameterWithMemberAttributes:
        Parameters MemberFunctionAttributesopt

    FunctionLiteralBody:
        BlockStatement
        FunctionContractsopt BodyStatement

    Lambda:
        function refopt Typeopt ParameterWithAttributes => AssignExpression
        delegate refopt Typeopt ParameterWithMemberAttributes => AssignExpression
        refopt ParameterWithMemberAttributes => AssignExpression
        Identifier => AssignExpression

    AssertExpression:
        assert ( AssertArguments )

    AssertArguments:
        AssignExpression ,opt
        AssignExpression , AssignExpression ,opt

    MixinExpression:
        mixin ( ArgumentList )

    ImportExpression:
        import ( AssignExpression )

    TypeidExpression:
        typeid ( Type )
        typeid ( Expression )

    IsExpression:
        is ( Type )
        is ( Type : TypeSpecialization )
        is ( Type == TypeSpecialization )
        is ( Type : TypeSpecialization , TemplateParameterList )
        is ( Type == TypeSpecialization , TemplateParameterList )
        is ( Type Identifier )
        is ( Type Identifier : TypeSpecialization )
        is ( Type Identifier == TypeSpecialization )
        is ( Type Identifier : TypeSpecialization , TemplateParameterList )
        is ( Type Identifier == TypeSpecialization , TemplateParameterList )

    TypeSpecialization:
        Type
        struct
        union
        class
        interface
        enum
        __vector
        function
        delegate
        super
        const
        immutable
        inout
        shared
        return
        __parameters
        module
        package

    SpecialKeyword:
        __FILE__
        __FILE_FULL_PATH__
        __MODULE__
        __LINE__
        __FUNCTION__
        __PRETTY_FUNCTION__

## Statements

    Statement:
        ;
        NonEmptyStatement
        ScopeBlockStatement

    NoScopeNonEmptyStatement:
        NonEmptyStatement
        BlockStatement

    NoScopeStatement:
        ;
        NonEmptyStatement
        BlockStatement

    NonEmptyOrScopeBlockStatement:
        NonEmptyStatement
        ScopeBlockStatement

    NonEmptyStatement:
        NonEmptyStatementNoCaseNoDefault
        CaseStatement
        CaseRangeStatement
        DefaultStatement

    NonEmptyStatementNoCaseNoDefault:
        LabeledStatement
        ExpressionStatement
        DeclarationStatement
        IfStatement
        WhileStatement
        DoStatement
        ForStatement
        ForeachStatement
        SwitchStatement
        FinalSwitchStatement
        ContinueStatement
        BreakStatement
        ReturnStatement
        GotoStatement
        WithStatement
        SynchronizedStatement
        TryStatement
        ScopeGuardStatement
        ThrowStatement
        AsmStatement
        PragmaStatement
        MixinStatement
        ForeachRangeStatement
        ConditionalStatement
        StaticForeachStatement
        StaticAssert
        TemplateMixin
        ImportDeclaration

    ScopeStatement:
        NonEmptyStatement
        BlockStatement

    ScopeBlockStatement:
        BlockStatement

    LabeledStatement:
        Identifier :
        Identifier : NoScopeStatement
        Identifier : Statement

    BlockStatement:
        { }
        { StatementList }

    StatementList:
        Statement
        Statement StatementList

    ExpressionStatement:
        Expression ;

    DeclarationStatement:
        StorageClassesopt Declaration

    IfStatement:
        if ( IfCondition ) ThenStatement
        if ( IfCondition ) ThenStatement else ElseStatement

    IfCondition:
        Expression
        auto Identifier = Expression
        TypeCtors Identifier = Expression
        TypeCtorsopt BasicType Declarator = Expression

    ThenStatement:
        ScopeStatement

    ElseStatement:
        ScopeStatement

    WhileStatement:
        while ( Expression ) ScopeStatement

    DoStatement:
        do ScopeStatement  while ( Expression ) ;

    ForStatement:
        for ( Initialize Testopt ; Incrementopt ) ScopeStatement

    Initialize:
        ;
        NoScopeNonEmptyStatement

    Test:
        Expression

    Increment:
        Expression

    AggregateForeach:
        Foreach ( ForeachTypeList ; ForeachAggregate )

    ForeachStatement:
        AggregateForeach NoScopeNonEmptyStatement

    Foreach:
        foreach
        foreach_reverse

    ForeachTypeList:
        ForeachType
        ForeachType , ForeachTypeList

    ForeachType:
        ForeachTypeAttributesopt BasicType Declarator
        ForeachTypeAttributesopt Identifier
        ForeachTypeAttributesopt alias Identifier

    ForeachTypeAttributes
        ForeachTypeAttribute
        ForeachTypeAttribute ForeachTypeAttributesopt

    ForeachTypeAttribute:
        ref
        TypeCtor
        enum

    ForeachAggregate:
        Expression

    RangeForeach:
        Foreach ( ForeachType ; LwrExpression .. UprExpression )

    LwrExpression:
        Expression

    UprExpression:
        Expression

    ForeachRangeStatement:
        RangeForeach ScopeStatement

    SwitchStatement:
        switch ( Expression ) ScopeStatement

    CaseStatement:
        case ArgumentList : ScopeStatementList

    CaseRangeStatement:
        case FirstExp : .. case LastExp : ScopeStatementList

    FirstExp:
        AssignExpression

    LastExp:
        AssignExpression

    DefaultStatement:
        default : ScopeStatementList

    ScopeStatementList:
        StatementListNoCaseNoDefault

    StatementListNoCaseNoDefault:
        StatementNoCaseNoDefault
        StatementNoCaseNoDefault StatementListNoCaseNoDefault

    StatementNoCaseNoDefault:
        ;
        NonEmptyStatementNoCaseNoDefault
        ScopeBlockStatement

    FinalSwitchStatement:
        final switch ( Expression ) ScopeStatement

    ContinueStatement:
        continue Identifieropt ;

    BreakStatement:
        break Identifieropt ;

    ReturnStatement:
        return Expressionopt ;

    GotoStatement:
        goto Identifier ;
        goto default ;
        goto case ;
        goto case Expression ;

    WithStatement:
        with ( Expression ) ScopeStatement
        with ( Symbol ) ScopeStatement
        with ( TemplateInstance ) ScopeStatement

    SynchronizedStatement:
        synchronized ScopeStatement
        synchronized ( Expression ) ScopeStatement

    TryStatement:
        try ScopeStatement Catches
        try ScopeStatement Catches FinallyStatement
        try ScopeStatement FinallyStatement

    Catches:
        Catch
        Catch Catches

    Catch:
        catch ( CatchParameter ) NoScopeNonEmptyStatement

    CatchParameter:
        BasicType Identifieropt

    FinallyStatement:
        finally NoScopeNonEmptyStatement

    ThrowStatement:
        throw Expression ;

    ScopeGuardStatement:
        scope(exit) NonEmptyOrScopeBlockStatement
        scope(success) NonEmptyOrScopeBlockStatement
        scope(failure) NonEmptyOrScopeBlockStatement

    AsmStatement:
        asm FunctionAttributesopt { AsmInstructionListopt }

    AsmInstructionList:
        AsmInstruction ;
        AsmInstruction ; AsmInstructionList

    PragmaStatement:
        Pragma NoScopeStatement

    MixinStatement:
        mixin ( ArgumentList ) ;

## Structs and Unions

    AggregateDeclaration:
        ClassDeclaration
        InterfaceDeclaration
        StructDeclaration
        UnionDeclaration

    StructDeclaration:
        struct Identifier ;
        struct Identifier AggregateBody
        StructTemplateDeclaration
        AnonStructDeclaration

    AnonStructDeclaration:
        struct AggregateBody

    UnionDeclaration:
        union Identifier ;
        union Identifier AggregateBody
        UnionTemplateDeclaration
        AnonUnionDeclaration

    AnonUnionDeclaration:
        union AggregateBody

    AggregateBody:
        { DeclDefsopt }

    Postblit:
        this ( this ) MemberFunctionAttributesopt ;
        this ( this ) MemberFunctionAttributesopt FunctionBody

    StructInvariant:
        invariant ( ) BlockStatement
        invariant BlockStatement
        invariant ( AssertArguments ) ;

## Classes

    ClassDeclaration:
        class Identifier ;
        class Identifier BaseClassListopt AggregateBody
        ClassTemplateDeclaration

    BaseClassList:
        : SuperClass
        : SuperClass , Interfaces
        : Interfaces

    SuperClass:
        BasicType

    Interfaces:
        Interface
        Interface , Interfaces

    Interface:
        BasicType

    Constructor:
        this Parameters MemberFunctionAttributesopt ;
        this Parameters MemberFunctionAttributesopt FunctionBody
        ConstructorTemplate

    Destructor:
        ~ this ( ) MemberFunctionAttributesopt ;
        ~ this ( ) MemberFunctionAttributesopt FunctionBody

    StaticConstructor:
        static this ( ) MemberFunctionAttributesopt ;
        static this ( ) MemberFunctionAttributesopt FunctionBody

    StaticDestructor:
        static ~ this ( ) MemberFunctionAttributesopt ;
        static ~ this ( ) MemberFunctionAttributesopt FunctionBody

    SharedStaticConstructor:
        shared static this ( ) MemberFunctionAttributesopt ;
        shared static this ( ) MemberFunctionAttributesopt FunctionBody

    SharedStaticDestructor:
        shared static ~ this ( ) MemberFunctionAttributesopt ;
        shared static ~ this ( ) MemberFunctionAttributesopt FunctionBody

    ClassInvariant:
        invariant ( ) BlockStatement
        invariant BlockStatement
        invariant ( AssertArguments ) ;

    Allocator:
        new Parameters ;
        new Parameters FunctionBody

    Deallocator:
        delete Parameters ;
        delete Parameters FunctionBody

    AliasThis:
        alias Identifier this ;

    NewAnonClassExpression:
        new AllocatorArgumentsopt class ConstructorArgsopt SuperClassopt Interfacesopt AggregateBody

    ConstructorArgs:
        ( ArgumentListopt )

    class Identifier : SuperClass Interfaces AggregateBody
    // ...
    new AllocatorArguments Identifier ConstructorArgs

## Interfaces

    InterfaceDeclaration:
        interface Identifier ;
        interface Identifier BaseInterfaceListopt AggregateBody
        InterfaceTemplateDeclaration

    BaseInterfaceList:
        : Interfaces

## Enums

    EnumDeclaration:
        enum Identifier EnumBody
        enum Identifier : EnumBaseType EnumBody
        AnonymousEnumDeclaration

    EnumBaseType:
        Type

    EnumBody:
        { EnumMembers }
        ;

    EnumMembers:
        EnumMember
        EnumMember ,
        EnumMember , EnumMembers

    EnumMemberAttributes:
        EnumMemberAttribute
        EnumMemberAttribute EnumMemberAttributes

    EnumMemberAttribute:
        DeprecatedAttribute
        UserDefinedAttribute
        @disable

    EnumMember:
        EnumMemberAttributesopt Identifier
        EnumMemberAttributesopt Identifier = AssignExpression

    AnonymousEnumDeclaration:
        enum : EnumBaseType { EnumMembers }
        enum { EnumMembers }
        enum { AnonymousEnumMembers }

    AnonymousEnumMembers:
        AnonymousEnumMember
        AnonymousEnumMember ,
        AnonymousEnumMember , AnonymousEnumMembers

    AnonymousEnumMember:
        EnumMember
        Type Identifier = AssignExpression

## Functions

    FuncDeclaration:
        StorageClassesopt BasicType FuncDeclarator FunctionBody
        AutoFuncDeclaration

    AutoFuncDeclaration:
        StorageClasses Identifier FuncDeclaratorSuffix FunctionBody

    FuncDeclarator:
        BasicType2opt Identifier FuncDeclaratorSuffix

    FuncDeclaratorSuffix:
        Parameters MemberFunctionAttributesopt
        TemplateParameters Parameters MemberFunctionAttributesopt Constraintopt

    Parameters:
        ( ParameterListopt )

    ParameterList:
        Parameter
        Parameter , ParameterList
        ...

    Parameter:
        ParameterAttributesopt BasicType Declarator
        ParameterAttributesopt BasicType Declarator ...
        ParameterAttributesopt BasicType Declarator = AssignExpression
        ParameterAttributesopt Type
        ParameterAttributesopt Type ...

    ParameterAttributes:
        InOut
        UserDefinedAttribute
        ParameterAttributes InOut
        ParameterAttributes UserDefinedAttribute
        ParameterAttributes

    InOut:
        auto
        TypeCtor
        final
        in
        lazy
        out
        ref
        return ref
        scope

    FunctionAttributes:
        FunctionAttribute
        FunctionAttribute FunctionAttributes

    FunctionAttribute:
        nothrow
        pure
        Property

    MemberFunctionAttributes:
        MemberFunctionAttribute
        MemberFunctionAttribute MemberFunctionAttributes

    MemberFunctionAttribute:
        const
        immutable
        inout
        return
        shared
        FunctionAttribute

    FunctionBody:
        SpecifiedFunctionBody
        MissingFunctionBody

    FunctionLiteralBody:
        SpecifiedFunctionBody

    SpecifiedFunctionBody:
        doopt BlockStatement
        FunctionContractsopt InOutContractExpression doopt BlockStatement
        FunctionContractsopt InOutStatement do BlockStatement

    MissingFunctionBody:
        ;
        FunctionContractsopt InOutContractExpression ;
        FunctionContractsopt InOutStatement

    FunctionContracts:
        FunctionContract
        FunctionContract FunctionContracts

    FunctionContract:
        InOutContractExpression
        InOutStatement

    InOutContractExpression:
        InContractExpression
        OutContractExpression

    InOutStatement:
        InStatement
        OutStatement

    InContractExpression:
        in ( AssertArguments )

    OutContractExpression:
        out ( ; AssertArguments )
        out ( Identifier ; AssertArguments )

    InStatement:
        in BlockStatement

    OutStatement:
        out BlockStatement
        out ( Identifier ) BlockStatement

## Templates

    TemplateDeclaration:
        template Identifier TemplateParameters Constraintopt { DeclDefsopt }

    TemplateParameters:
        ( TemplateParameterListopt )

    TemplateParameterList:
        TemplateParameter
        TemplateParameter ,
        TemplateParameter , TemplateParameterList

    TemplateParameter:
        TemplateTypeParameter
        TemplateValueParameter
        TemplateAliasParameter
        TemplateSequenceParameter
        TemplateThisParameter

    TemplateInstance:
        Identifier TemplateArguments

    TemplateArguments:
        ! ( TemplateArgumentListopt )
        ! TemplateSingleArgument

    TemplateArgumentList:
        TemplateArgument
        TemplateArgument ,
        TemplateArgument , TemplateArgumentList

    TemplateArgument:
        Type
        AssignExpression
        Symbol

    Symbol:
        SymbolTail
        . SymbolTail

    SymbolTail:
        Identifier
        Identifier . SymbolTail
        TemplateInstance
        TemplateInstance . SymbolTail

    TemplateSingleArgument:
        Identifier
        BasicTypeX
        CharacterLiteral
        StringLiteral
        IntegerLiteral
        FloatLiteral
        true
        false
        null
        this
        SpecialKeyword

    TemplateTypeParameter:
        Identifier
        Identifier TemplateTypeParameterSpecialization
        Identifier TemplateTypeParameterDefault
        Identifier TemplateTypeParameterSpecialization TemplateTypeParameterDefault

    TemplateTypeParameterSpecialization:
        : Type

    TemplateTypeParameterDefault:
        = Type

    TemplateThisParameter:
        this TemplateTypeParameter

    TemplateValueParameter:
        BasicType Declarator
        BasicType Declarator TemplateValueParameterSpecialization
        BasicType Declarator TemplateValueParameterDefault
        BasicType Declarator TemplateValueParameterSpecialization TemplateValueParameterDefault

    TemplateValueParameterSpecialization:
        : ConditionalExpression

    TemplateValueParameterDefault:
        = AssignExpression
        = SpecialKeyword

    TemplateAliasParameter:
        alias Identifier TemplateAliasParameterSpecializationopt TemplateAliasParameterDefaultopt
        alias BasicType Declarator TemplateAliasParameterSpecializationopt TemplateAliasParameterDefaultopt

    TemplateAliasParameterSpecialization:
        : Type
        : ConditionalExpression

    TemplateAliasParameterDefault:
        = Type
        = ConditionalExpression

    TemplateSequenceParameter:
        Identifier ...

    ConstructorTemplate:
        this TemplateParameters Parameters MemberFunctionAttributesopt Constraintopt :
        this TemplateParameters Parameters MemberFunctionAttributesopt Constraintopt FunctionBody

    ClassTemplateDeclaration:
        class Identifier TemplateParameters ;
        class Identifier TemplateParameters Constraintopt BaseClassListopt AggregateBody
        class Identifier TemplateParameters BaseClassListopt Constraintopt AggregateBody

    InterfaceTemplateDeclaration:
        interface Identifier TemplateParameters ;
        interface Identifier TemplateParameters Constraintopt BaseInterfaceListopt AggregateBody
        interface Identifier TemplateParameters BaseInterfaceList Constraint AggregateBody

    StructTemplateDeclaration:
        struct Identifier TemplateParameters ;
        struct Identifier TemplateParameters Constraintopt AggregateBody

    UnionTemplateDeclaration:
        union Identifier TemplateParameters ;
        union Identifier TemplateParameters Constraintopt AggregateBody

    Constraint:
        if ( Expression )

## Template Mixins

    TemplateMixinDeclaration:
        mixin template Identifier TemplateParameters Constraintopt { DeclDefsopt }

    TemplateMixin:
        mixin MixinTemplateName TemplateArgumentsopt Identifieropt ;

    MixinTemplateName:
        . QualifiedIdentifierList
        QualifiedIdentifierList
        Typeof . QualifiedIdentifierList

    QualifiedIdentifierList:
        Identifier
        Identifier . QualifiedIdentifierList
        TemplateInstance . QualifiedIdentifierList

## Conditional Compilation

    ConditionalDeclaration:
        Condition DeclarationBlock
        Condition DeclarationBlock else DeclarationBlock
        Condition : DeclDefsopt
        Condition DeclarationBlock else : DeclDefsopt

    ConditionalStatement:
        Condition NoScopeNonEmptyStatement
        Condition NoScopeNonEmptyStatement else NoScopeNonEmptyStatement

    Condition:
        VersionCondition
        DebugCondition
        StaticIfCondition

    VersionCondition:
        version ( IntegerLiteral )
        version ( Identifier )
        version ( unittest )
        version ( assert )

    VersionSpecification:
        version = Identifier ;
        version = IntegerLiteral ;

    DebugCondition:
        debug
        debug ( IntegerLiteral )
        debug ( Identifier )

    DebugSpecification:
        debug = Identifier ;
        debug = IntegerLiteral ;

    StaticIfCondition:
        static if ( AssignExpression )

    StaticForeach:
        static AggregateForeach
        static RangeForeach

    StaticForeachDeclaration:
        StaticForeach DeclarationBlock
        StaticForeach : DeclDefsopt

    StaticForeachStatement:
        StaticForeach NoScopeNonEmptyStatement

    StaticAssert:
        static assert ( AssertArguments );

## Traits

    TraitsExpression:
        __traits ( TraitsKeyword , TraitsArguments )

    TraitsKeyword:
        isAbstractClass
        isArithmetic
        isAssociativeArray
        isFinalClass
        isPOD
        isNested
        isFuture
        isDeprecated
        isFloating
        isIntegral
        isScalar
        isStaticArray
        isUnsigned
        isDisabled
        isVirtualFunction
        isVirtualMethod
        isAbstractFunction
        isFinalFunction
        isStaticFunction
        isOverrideFunction
        isTemplate
        isRef
        isOut
        isLazy
        isReturnOnStack
        isZeroInit
        isModule
        isPackage
        hasMember
        hasCopyConstructor
        hasPostblit
        identifier
        getAliasThis
        getAttributes
        getFunctionAttributes
        getFunctionVariadicStyle
        getLinkage
        getLocation
        getMember
        getOverloads
        getParameterStorageClasses
        getPointerBitmap
        getProtection
        getTargetInfo
        getVirtualFunctions
        getVirtualMethods
        getUnitTests
        parent
        classInstanceSize
        getVirtualIndex
        allMembers
        derivedMembers
        isSame
        compiles

    TraitsArguments:
        TraitsArgument
        TraitsArgument , TraitsArguments

    TraitsArgument:
        AssignExpression
        Type

## Unit Tests

    UnitTest:
        unittest BlockStatement

## D x86 Inline Assembler

    AsmStatement:
        asm FunctionAttributesopt { AsmInstructionListopt }

        AsmInstructionList:
            AsmInstruction ;
            AsmInstruction ; AsmInstructionList

    AsmInstruction:
        Identifier : AsmInstruction
        align IntegerExpression
        even
        naked
        db Operands
        ds Operands
        di Operands
        dl Operands
        df Operands
        dd Operands
        de Operands
        db StringLiteral
        ds StringLiteral
        di StringLiteral
        dl StringLiteral
        dw StringLiteral
        dq StringLiteral
        Opcode
        Opcode Operands

    Operands:
        Operand
        Operand , Operands

    IntegerExpression:
        IntegerLiteral
        Identifier

    Register:
        AL AH AX EAX
        BL BH BX EBX
        CL CH CX ECX
        DL DH DX EDX
        BP EBP
        SP ESP
        DI EDI
        SI ESI
        ES CS SS DS GS FS
        CR0 CR2 CR3 CR4
        DR0 DR1 DR2 DR3 DR6 DR7
        TR3 TR4 TR5 TR6 TR7
        ST
        ST(0) ST(1) ST(2) ST(3) ST(4) ST(5) ST(6) ST(7)
        MM0  MM1  MM2  MM3  MM4  MM5  MM6  MM7
        XMM0 XMM1 XMM2 XMM3 XMM4 XMM5 XMM6 XMM7

    Register64:
        RAX  RBX  RCX  RDX
        BPL  RBP
        SPL  RSP
        DIL  RDI
        SIL  RSI
        R8B  R8W  R8D  R8
        R9B  R9W  R9D  R9
        R10B R10W R10D R10
        R11B R11W R11D R11
        R12B R12W R12D R12
        R13B R13W R13D R13
        R14B R14W R14D R14
        R15B R15W R15D R15
        XMM8 XMM9 XMM10 XMM11 XMM12 XMM13 XMM14 XMM15
        YMM0 YMM1 YMM2  YMM3  YMM4  YMM5  YMM6  YMM7
        YMM8 YMM9 YMM10 YMM11 YMM12 YMM13 YMM14 YMM15

    Operand:
        AsmExp

    AsmExp:
        AsmLogOrExp
        AsmLogOrExp ? AsmExp : AsmExp

    AsmLogOrExp:
        AsmLogAndExp
        AsmLogOrExp || AsmLogAndExp

    AsmLogAndExp:
        AsmOrExp
        AsmLogAndExp && AsmOrExp

    AsmOrExp:
        AsmXorExp
        AsmOrExp | AsmXorExp

    AsmXorExp:
        AsmAndExp
        AsmXorExp ^ AsmAndExp

    AsmAndExp:
        AsmEqualExp
        AsmAndExp & AsmEqualExp

    AsmEqualExp:
        AsmRelExp
        AsmEqualExp == AsmRelExp
        AsmEqualExp != AsmRelExp

    AsmRelExp:
        AsmShiftExp
        AsmRelExp < AsmShiftExp
        AsmRelExp <= AsmShiftExp
        AsmRelExp > AsmShiftExp
        AsmRelExp >= AsmShiftExp

    AsmShiftExp:
        AsmAddExp
        AsmShiftExp << AsmAddExp
        AsmShiftExp >> AsmAddExp
        AsmShiftExp >>> AsmAddExp

    AsmAddExp:
        AsmMulExp
        AsmAddExp + AsmMulExp
        AsmAddExp - AsmMulExp

    AsmMulExp:
        AsmBrExp
        AsmMulExp * AsmBrExp
        AsmMulExp / AsmBrExp
        AsmMulExp % AsmBrExp

    AsmBrExp:
        AsmUnaExp
        AsmBrExp [ AsmExp ]

    AsmUnaExp:
        AsmTypePrefix AsmExp
        offsetof AsmExp
        seg AsmExp
        + AsmUnaExp
        - AsmUnaExp
        ! AsmUnaExp
        ~ AsmUnaExp
        AsmPrimaryExp

    AsmPrimaryExp:
        IntegerLiteral
        FloatLiteral
        __LOCAL_SIZE
        $
        Register
        Register : AsmExp
        Register64
        Register64 : AsmExp
        DotIdentifier
        this

    DotIdentifier:
        Identifier
        Identifier . DotIdentifier
        BasicTypeX . Identifier

    AsmTypePrefix:
        near ptr
        far ptr
        word ptr
        dword ptr
        qword ptr
        BasicTypeX ptr

## Named Character Entities

    NamedCharacterEntity:
        & Identifier ;

## Application Binary Interface

    MangledName:
        _D QualifiedName Type
        _D QualifiedName Z        // Internal

    QualifiedName:
        SymbolFunctionName
        SymbolFunctionName QualifiedName

    SymbolFunctionName:
        SymbolName
        SymbolName TypeFunctionNoReturn
        SymbolName M TypeModifiersopt TypeFunctionNoReturn

    SymbolName:
        LName
        TemplateInstanceName
        IdentifierBackRef
        0                         // anonymous symbols

    TemplateInstanceName:
        TemplateID LName TemplateArgs Z

    TemplateID:
        __T
        __U        // for symbols declared inside template constraint

    TemplateArgs:
        TemplateArg
        TemplateArg TemplateArgs

    TemplateArg:
        TemplateArgX
        H TemplateArgX

    TemplateArgX:
        T Type
        V Type Value
        S QualifiedName
        X Number ExternallyMangledName

    Value:
        n
        i Number
        N Number
        e HexFloat
        c HexFloat c HexFloat
        CharWidth Number _ HexDigits
        A Number Value...
        S Number Value...

    HexFloat:
        NAN
        INF
        NINF
        N HexDigits P Exponent
        HexDigits P Exponent

    Exponent:
        N Number
        Number

    HexDigits:
        HexDigit
        HexDigit HexDigits

    HexDigit:
        Digit
        A
        B
        C
        D
        E
        F

    CharWidth:
        a
        w
        d

    Name:
        Namestart
        Namestart Namechars

    Namestart:
        _
        Alpha

    Namechar:
        Namestart
        Digit

    Namechars:
        Namechar
        Namechar Namechars

    LName:
        Number Name

    Number:
        Digit
        Digit Number

    Digit:
        0
        1
        2
        3
        4
        5
        6
        7
        8
        9

    TypeBackRef:
        Q NumberBackRef

    IdentifierBackRef:
        Q NumberBackRef

    NumberBackRef:
        lower-case-letter
        upper-case-letter NumberBackRef

    Type:
        TypeModifiersopt TypeX
        TypeBackRef

    TypeX:
        TypeArray
        TypeStaticArray
        TypeAssocArray
        TypePointer
        TypeFunction
        TypeIdent
        TypeClass
        TypeStruct
        TypeEnum
        TypeTypedef
        TypeDelegate
        TypeVoid
        TypeByte
        TypeUbyte
        TypeShort
        TypeUshort
        TypeInt
        TypeUint
        TypeLong
        TypeUlong
        TypeCent
        TypeUcent
        TypeFloat
        TypeDouble
        TypeReal
        TypeIfloat
        TypeIdouble
        TypeIreal
        TypeCfloat
        TypeCdouble
        TypeCreal
        TypeBool
        TypeChar
        TypeWchar
        TypeDchar
        TypeNull
        TypeTuple
        TypeVector

    TypeModifiers:
        Const
        Wild
        Wild Const
        Shared
        Shared Const
        Shared Wild
        Shared Wild Const
        Immutable

    Shared:
        O

    Const:
        x

    Immutable:
        y

    Wild:
        Ng

    TypeArray:
        A Type

    TypeStaticArray:
        G Number Type

    TypeAssocArray:
        H Type Type

    TypePointer:
        P Type

    TypeVector:
        Nh Type

    TypeFunction:
        TypeFunctionNoReturn Type

    TypeFunctionNoReturn:
        CallConvention FuncAttrsopt Parametersopt ParamClose

    CallConvention:
        F       // D
        U       // C
        W       // Windows
        R       // C++
        Y       // Objective-C

    FuncAttrs:
        FuncAttr
        FuncAttr FuncAttrs

    FuncAttr:
        FuncAttrPure
        FuncAttrNothrow
        FuncAttrRef
        FuncAttrProperty
        FuncAttrNogc
        FuncAttrReturn
        FuncAttrScope
        FuncAttrTrusted
        FuncAttrSafe
        FuncAttrLive

    FuncAttrPure:
        Na

    FuncAttrNogc:
        Ni

    FuncAttrNothrow:
        Nb

    FuncAttrProperty:
        Nd

    FuncAttrRef:
        Nc

    FuncAttrReturn:
        Nj

    FuncAttrScope:
        Nl

    FuncAttrTrusted:
        Ne

    FuncAttrSafe:
        Nf

    FuncAttrLive:
        Nm

    Parameters:
        Parameter
        Parameter Parameters

    Parameter:
        Parameter2
        M Parameter2     // scope
        Nk Parameter2    // return

    Parameter2:
        Type
        J Type     // out
        K Type     // ref
        L Type     // lazy

    ParamClose
        X     // variadic T t...) style
        Y     // variadic T t,...) style
        Z     // not variadic

    TypeIdent:
        I QualifiedName

    TypeClass:
        C QualifiedName

    TypeStruct:
        S QualifiedName

    TypeEnum:
        E QualifiedName

    TypeTypedef:
        T QualifiedName

    TypeDelegate:
        D TypeModifiersopt TypeFunction

    TypeVoid:
        v

    TypeByte:
        g

    TypeUbyte:
        h

    TypeShort:
        s

    TypeUshort:
        t

    TypeInt:
        i

    TypeUint:
        k

    TypeLong:
        l

    TypeUlong:
        m

    TypeCent:
        zi

    TypeUcent:
        zk

    TypeFloat:
        f

    TypeDouble:
        d

    TypeReal:
        e

    TypeIfloat:
        o

    TypeIdouble:
        p

    TypeIreal:
        j

    TypeCfloat:
        q

    TypeCdouble:
        r

    TypeCreal:
        c

    TypeBool:
        b

    TypeChar:
        a

    TypeWchar:
        u

    TypeDchar:
        w

    TypeNull:
        n

    TypeTuple:
        B Parameters Z

Lexical
Modules
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