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# std.socket

Socket primitives.

Example See /dmd/samples/d/listener.d and /dmd/samples/d/htmlget.d

License:
Boost License 1.0.
Authors:
Christopher E. Miller, David Nadlinger, Vladimir Panteleev

Source std/socket.d

class `SocketException`: object.Exception;
  Base exception thrown by std.socket.
@property @safe string `lastSocketError`();
  Retrieve the error message for the most recently encountered network error.
class `SocketOSException`: std.socket.SocketException;
  Socket exceptions representing network errors reported by the operating system.
  int `errorCode`;
    Platform-specific error code.
  @safe this(string `msg`, string `file` = __FILE__, size_t `line` = __LINE__, Throwable `next` = null, int `err` = _lasterr(), string function(int) @trusted `errorFormatter` = &formatSocketError);
  @safe this(string `msg`, Throwable `next`, string `file` = __FILE__, size_t `line` = __LINE__, int `err` = _lasterr(), string function(int) @trusted `errorFormatter` = &formatSocketError);
  @safe this(string `msg`, int `err`, string function(int) @trusted `errorFormatter` = &formatSocketError, string `file` = __FILE__, size_t `line` = __LINE__, Throwable `next` = null);
class `SocketParameterException`: std.socket.SocketException;
  Socket exceptions representing invalid parameters specified by user code.
class `SocketFeatureException`: std.socket.SocketException;
  Socket exceptions representing attempts to use network capabilities not available on the current system.
nothrow @nogc @safe bool `wouldHaveBlocked`();
  Returns:
  `true` if the last socket operation failed because the socket was in non-blocking mode and the operation would have blocked.
enum `AddressFamily`: int;
  The communication domain used to resolve an address.
  `UNSPEC`
    Unspecified address family
  `UNIX`
    Local communication
  `INET`
    Internet Protocol version 4
  `IPX`
    Novell `IPX`
  `APPLETALK`
    AppleTalk
  `INET6`
    Internet Protocol version 6
enum `SocketType`: int;
  Communication semantics
  `STREAM`
    Sequenced, reliable, two-way communication-based byte streams
  `DGRAM`
    Connectionless, unreliable datagrams with a fixed maximum length; data may be lost or arrive out of order
  `RAW`
    Raw protocol access
  `RDM`
    Reliably-delivered message datagrams
  `SEQPACKET`
    Sequenced, reliable, two-way connection-based datagrams with a fixed maximum length
enum `ProtocolType`: int;
  Protocol
  `IP`
    Internet Protocol version 4
  `ICMP`
    Internet Control Message Protocol
  `IGMP`
    Internet Group Management Protocol
  `GGP`
    Gateway to Gateway Protocol
  `TCP`
    Transmission Control Protocol
  `PUP`
    PARC Universal Packet Protocol
  `UDP`
    User Datagram Protocol
  `IDP`
    Xerox NS protocol
  `RAW`
    Raw IP packets
  `IPV6`
    Internet Protocol version 6
class `Protocol`;
  `Protocol` is a class for retrieving protocol information.

  Example

      auto proto = new Protocol;
      writeln("About protocol TCP:");
      if (proto.getProtocolByType(ProtocolType.TCP))
      {
          writefln("  Name: %s", proto.name);
          foreach (string s; proto.aliases)
               writefln("  Alias: %s", s);
      }
      else
          writeln("  No information found");

  ProtocolType `type`;
  string `name`;
  string[] `aliases`;
    These members are populated when one of the following functions are called successfully:
  nothrow @trusted bool `getProtocolByName`(in char[] `name`);
    Returns:
    `false` on failure
  nothrow @trusted bool `getProtocolByType`(ProtocolType `type`);
    Returns:
    `false` on failure
class `Service`;
  `Service` is a class for retrieving service information.

  Example

      auto serv = new Service;
      writeln("About service epmap:");
      if (serv.getServiceByName("epmap", "tcp"))
      {
          writefln("  Service: %s", serv.name);
          writefln("  Port: %d", serv.port);
          writefln("  Protocol: %s", serv.protocolName);
          foreach (string s; serv.aliases)
               writefln("  Alias: %s", s);
      }
      else
          writefln("  No service for epmap.");

  string `name`;
  string[] `aliases`;
  ushort `port`;
  string `protocolName`;
    These members are populated when one of the following functions are called successfully:
  nothrow @trusted bool `getServiceByName`(in char[] `name`, in char[] `protocolName` = null);
  nothrow @trusted bool `getServiceByPort`(ushort `port`, in char[] `protocolName` = null);
    If a protocol `name` is omitted, any protocol will be matched.
    Returns:
    `false` on failure.
class `HostException`: std.socket.SocketOSException;
  Class for exceptions thrown from an InternetHost.
class `InternetHost`;
  `InternetHost` is a class for resolving IPv4 addresses.
  Consider using getAddress, parseAddress and Address methods instead of using this class directly.
  Examples:

      InternetHost ih = new InternetHost;

      ih.getHostByAddr(0x7F_00_00_01);
      writeln(ih.addrList[0]); // 0x7F_00_00_01
      ih.getHostByAddr("127.0.0.1");
      writeln(ih.addrList[0]); // 0x7F_00_00_01

      if (!ih.getHostByName("www.digitalmars.com"))
          return;             // don't fail if not connected to internet

      assert(ih.addrList.length);
      InternetAddress ia = new InternetAddress(ih.addrList[0], InternetAddress.PORT_ANY);
      assert(ih.name == "www.digitalmars.com" || ih.name == "digitalmars.com",
              ih.name);

      assert(ih.getHostByAddr(ih.addrList[0]));
      string getHostNameFromInt = ih.name.dup;

      assert(ih.getHostByAddr(ia.toAddrString()));
      string getHostNameFromStr = ih.name.dup;

      writeln(getHostNameFromInt); // getHostNameFromStr

  string `name`;
  string[] `aliases`;
  uint[] `addrList`;
    These members are populated when one of the following functions are called successfully:
  @trusted bool `getHostByName`(in char[] `name`);
    Resolve host `name`.
    Returns:
    `false` if unable to resolve.
  @trusted bool `getHostByAddr`(uint `addr`);
    Resolve IPv4 address number.
    Parameters:

    uint `addr` | The IPv4 address to resolve, in host byte order.

    Returns:
    `false` if unable to resolve.
  @trusted bool `getHostByAddr`(in char[] `addr`);
    Same as previous, but `addr` is an IPv4 address string in the dotted-decimal form a.b.c.d.
    Returns:
    `false` if unable to resolve.
struct `AddressInfo`;
  Holds information about a socket address retrieved by getAddressInfo.
  AddressFamily `family`;
    Address family
  SocketType `type`;
    Socket type
  ProtocolType `protocol`;
    Protocol
  Address `address`;
    Socket address
  string `canonicalName`;
    Canonical name, when AddressInfoFlags.CANONNAME is used.
enum `AddressInfoFlags`: int;
  A subset of flags supported on all platforms with getaddrinfo. Specifies option flags for getAddressInfo.
  `PASSIVE`
    The resulting addresses will be used in a call to Socket.bind.
  `CANONNAME`
    The canonical name is returned in canonicalName member in the first AddressInfo.
  `NUMERICHOST`
    The node parameter passed to getAddressInfo must be a numeric string. This will suppress any potentially lengthy network host address lookups.
AddressInfo[] `getAddressInfo`(T...)(in char[] `node`, T `options`);
  Provides protocol-independent translation from host names to socket addresses. If advanced functionality is not required, consider using getAddress for compatibility with older systems.
  Returns:
  Array with one AddressInfo per socket address.
  Throws:
  SocketOSException on failure, or SocketFeatureException if this functionality is not available on the current system.
  Parameters:

  char[] `node` | string containing host name or numeric address
  T `options` | optional additional parameters, identified by type: string - service name or port number AddressInfoFlags - option flags AddressFamily - address family to filter by SocketType - socket type to filter by ProtocolType - protocol to filter by

  Example

      // Roundtrip DNS resolution
      auto results = getAddressInfo("www.digitalmars.com");
      assert(results[0].address.toHostNameString() ==
          "digitalmars.com");

      // Canonical name
      results = getAddressInfo("www.digitalmars.com",
          AddressInfoFlags.CANONNAME);
      assert(results[0].canonicalName == "digitalmars.com");

      // IPv6 resolution
      results = getAddressInfo("ipv6.google.com");
      assert(results[0].family == AddressFamily.INET6);

      // Multihomed resolution
      results = getAddressInfo("google.com");
      assert(results.length > 1);

      // Parsing IPv4
      results = getAddressInfo("127.0.0.1",
          AddressInfoFlags.NUMERICHOST);
      assert(results.length && results[0].family ==
          AddressFamily.INET);

      // Parsing IPv6
      results = getAddressInfo("::1",
          AddressInfoFlags.NUMERICHOST);
      assert(results.length && results[0].family ==
          AddressFamily.INET6);

@safe Address[] `getAddress`(in char[] `hostname`, in char[] `service` = null);
@safe Address[] `getAddress`(in char[] `hostname`, ushort `port`);
  Provides protocol-independent translation from host names to socket addresses. Uses getAddressInfo if the current system supports it, and InternetHost otherwise.
  Returns:
  Array with one Address instance per socket address.
  Throws:
  SocketOSException on failure.

  Example

      writeln("Resolving www.digitalmars.com:");
      try
      {
          auto addresses = getAddress("www.digitalmars.com");
          foreach (address; addresses)
              writefln("  IP: %s", address.toAddrString());
      }
      catch (SocketException e)
          writefln("  Lookup failed: %s", e.msg);

@safe Address `parseAddress`(in char[] `hostaddr`, in char[] `service` = null);
@safe Address `parseAddress`(in char[] `hostaddr`, ushort `port`);
  Provides protocol-independent parsing of network addresses. Does not attempt name resolution. Uses getAddressInfo with AddressInfoFlags.NUMERICHOST if the current system supports it, and InternetAddress otherwise.
  Returns:
  An Address instance representing specified address.
  Throws:
  SocketException on failure.

  Example

      writeln("Enter IP address:");
      string ip = readln().chomp();
      try
      {
          Address address = parseAddress(ip);
          writefln("Looking up reverse of %s:",
              address.toAddrString());
          try
          {
              string reverse = address.toHostNameString();
              if (reverse)
                  writefln("  Reverse name: %s", reverse);
              else
                  writeln("  Reverse hostname not found.");
          }
          catch (SocketException e)
              writefln("  Lookup error: %s", e.msg);
      }
      catch (SocketException e)
      {
          writefln("  %s is not a valid IP address: %s",
              ip, e.msg);
      }

class `AddressException`: std.socket.SocketOSException;
  Class for exceptions thrown from an Address.
abstract class `Address`;
  `Address` is an abstract class for representing a socket addresses.

  Example

      writeln("About www.google.com port 80:");
      try
      {
          Address[] addresses = getAddress("www.google.com", 80);
          writefln("  %d addresses found.", addresses.length);
          foreach (int i, Address a; addresses)
          {
              writefln("  Address %d:", i+1);
              writefln("    IP address: %s", a.toAddrString());
              writefln("    Hostname: %s", a.toHostNameString());
              writefln("    Port: %s", a.toPortString());
              writefln("    Service name: %s",
                  a.toServiceNameString());
          }
      }
      catch (SocketException e)
          writefln("  Lookup error: %s", e.msg);

  abstract pure nothrow @nogc @property @safe sockaddr* `name`();
  abstract const pure nothrow @nogc @property @safe const(sockaddr)* `name`();
    Returns pointer to underlying sockaddr structure.
  abstract const pure nothrow @nogc @property @safe socklen_t `nameLen`();
    Returns actual size of underlying sockaddr structure.
  const pure nothrow @nogc @property @safe AddressFamily `addressFamily`();
    Family of this address.
  const @safe string `toAddrString`();
    Attempts to retrieve the host address as a human-readable string.
    Throws:
    AddressException on failure, or SocketFeatureException if address retrieval for this address family is not available on the current system.
  const @safe string `toHostNameString`();
    Attempts to retrieve the host name as a fully qualified domain name.
    Returns:
    The FQDN corresponding to this Address, or `null` if the host name did not resolve.
    Throws:
    AddressException on error, or SocketFeatureException if host name lookup for this address family is not available on the current system.
  const @safe string `toPortString`();
    Attempts to retrieve the numeric port number as a string.
    Throws:
    AddressException on failure, or SocketFeatureException if port number retrieval for this address family is not available on the current system.
  const @safe string `toServiceNameString`();
    Attempts to retrieve the service name as a string.
    Throws:
    AddressException on failure, or SocketFeatureException if service name lookup for this address family is not available on the current system.
  const @safe string `toString`();
    Human readable string representing this address.
class `UnknownAddress`: std.socket.Address;
  `UnknownAddress` encapsulates an unknown socket address.
class `UnknownAddressReference`: std.socket.Address;
  `UnknownAddressReference` encapsulates a reference to an arbitrary socket address.
  pure nothrow @nogc @safe this(sockaddr* `sa`, socklen_t `len`);
    Constructs an Address with a reference to the specified sockaddr.
  pure nothrow @system this(const(sockaddr)* `sa`, socklen_t `len`);
    Constructs an Address with a copy of the specified sockaddr.
class `InternetAddress`: std.socket.Address;
  `InternetAddress` encapsulates an IPv4 (Internet Protocol version 4) socket address.
  Consider using getAddress, parseAddress and Address methods instead of using this class directly.
  enum uint `ADDR_ANY`;
    Any IPv4 host address.
  enum uint `ADDR_NONE`;
    An invalid IPv4 host address.
  enum ushort `PORT_ANY`;
    Any IPv4 port number.
  const pure nothrow @nogc @property @safe ushort `port`();
    Returns the IPv4 port number (in host byte order).
  const pure nothrow @nogc @property @safe uint `addr`();
    Returns the IPv4 address number (in host byte order).
  @safe this(in char[] `addr`, ushort `port`);
    Construct a new InternetAddress.
    Parameters:

    char[] `addr` | an IPv4 address string in the dotted-decimal form a.b.c.d, or a host name which will be resolved using an InternetHost object.
    ushort `port` | `port` number, may be PORT_ANY.

  pure nothrow @nogc @safe this(uint `addr`, ushort `port`);
  pure nothrow @nogc @safe this(ushort `port`);
    Construct a new InternetAddress.
    Parameters:

    uint `addr` | (optional) an IPv4 address in host byte order, may be ADDR_ANY.
    ushort `port` | `port` number, may be PORT_ANY.

  pure nothrow @nogc @safe this(sockaddr_in `addr`);
    Construct a new InternetAddress.
    Parameters:

    sockaddr_in `addr` | A sockaddr_in as obtained from lower-level API calls such as getifaddrs.

  const @trusted string `toAddrString`();
    Human readable string representing the IPv4 address in dotted-decimal form.
  const @safe string `toPortString`();
    Human readable string representing the IPv4 port.
  const @safe string `toHostNameString`();
    Attempts to retrieve the host name as a fully qualified domain name.
    Returns:
    The FQDN corresponding to this InternetAddress, or `null` if the host name did not resolve.
    Throws:
    AddressException on error.
  const @safe bool `opEquals`(Object `o`);
    Compares with another InternetAddress of same type for equality
    Returns:
    `true` if the InternetAddresses share the same address and port number.
    Examples:

        auto addr1 = new InternetAddress("127.0.0.1", 80);
        auto addr2 = new InternetAddress("127.0.0.2", 80);

        writeln(addr1); // addr1
        assert(addr1 != addr2);

  static nothrow @trusted uint `parse`(in char[] `addr`);
    Parse an IPv4 address string in the dotted-decimal form a.b.c.d and return the number.
    Returns:
    If the string is not a legitimate IPv4 address, ADDR_NONE is returned.
  static nothrow @trusted string `addrToString`(uint `addr`);
    Convert an IPv4 address number in host byte order to a human readable string representing the IPv4 address in dotted-decimal form.
class `Internet6Address`: std.socket.Address;
  `Internet6Address` encapsulates an IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6) socket address.
  Consider using getAddress, parseAddress and Address methods instead of using this class directly.
  static pure nothrow @nogc @property ref @safe const(ubyte)[16] `ADDR_ANY`();
    Any IPv6 host address.
  enum ushort `PORT_ANY`;
    Any IPv6 port number.
  const pure nothrow @nogc @property @safe ushort `port`();
    Returns the IPv6 `port` number.
  const pure nothrow @nogc @property @safe ubyte[16] `addr`();
    Returns the IPv6 address.
  @trusted this(in char[] `addr`, in char[] `service` = null);
    Construct a new Internet6Address.
    Parameters:

    char[] `addr` | an IPv6 host address string in the form described in RFC 2373, or a host name which will be resolved using getAddressInfo.
    char[] `service` | (optional) `service` name.

  @safe this(in char[] `addr`, ushort `port`);
    Construct a new Internet6Address.
    Parameters:

    char[] `addr` | an IPv6 host address string in the form described in RFC 2373, or a host name which will be resolved using getAddressInfo.
    ushort `port` | `port` number, may be PORT_ANY.

  pure nothrow @nogc @safe this(ubyte[16] `addr`, ushort `port`);
  pure nothrow @nogc @safe this(ushort `port`);
    Construct a new Internet6Address.
    Parameters:

    ubyte[16] `addr` | (optional) an IPv6 host address in host byte order, or ADDR_ANY.
    ushort `port` | `port` number, may be PORT_ANY.

  pure nothrow @nogc @safe this(sockaddr_in6 `addr`);
    Construct a new Internet6Address.
    Parameters:

    sockaddr_in6 `addr` | A sockaddr_in6 as obtained from lower-level API calls such as getifaddrs.

  static @trusted ubyte[16] `parse`(in char[] `addr`);
    Parse an IPv6 host address string as described in RFC 2373, and return the address.
    Throws:
    SocketException on error.
class `UnixAddress`: std.socket.Address;
  `UnixAddress` encapsulates an address for a Unix domain socket (AF_UNIX), i.e. a socket bound to a path name in the file system. Available only on supported systems.
  Linux also supports an abstract address namespace, in which addresses are independent of the file system. A socket address is abstract iff path starts with a null byte ('\0'). Null bytes in other positions of an abstract address are allowed and have no special meaning.

  Example

      auto addr = new UnixAddress("/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket");
      auto abstractAddr = new UnixAddress("\0/tmp/dbus-OtHLWmCLPR");

  See Also:
  UNIX(7)
  @safe this(in char[] `path`);
    Construct a new UnixAddress from the specified `path`.
  pure nothrow @nogc @safe this(sockaddr_un `addr`);
    Construct a new UnixAddress.
    Parameters:

    sockaddr_un `addr` | A sockaddr_un as obtained from lower-level API calls.

  const @property @safe string `path`();
  const @safe string `toString`();
    Get the underlying path.
class `SocketAcceptException`: std.socket.SocketOSException;
  Class for exceptions thrown by Socket.accept.
enum `SocketShutdown`: int;
  How a socket is shutdown:
  `RECEIVE`
    socket receives are disallowed
  `SEND`
    socket sends are disallowed
  `BOTH`
    both RECEIVE and SEND
enum `SocketFlags`: int;
  Flags may be OR'ed together:
  `NONE`
    no flags specified
  `OOB`
    out-of-band stream data
  `PEEK`
    peek at incoming data without removing it from the queue, only for receiving
  `DONTROUTE`
    data should not be subject to routing; this flag may be ignored. Only for sending
struct `TimeVal`;
  Duration timeout value.
  tv_sec_t `seconds`;
    Number of seconds.
  tv_usec_t `microseconds`;
    Number of additional microseconds.
class `SocketSet`;
  A collection of sockets for use with Socket.select.
  `SocketSet` wraps the platform fd_set type. However, unlike fd_set, `SocketSet` is not statically limited to FD_SETSIZE or any other limit, and grows as needed.
  pure nothrow @safe this(size_t `size` = FD_SETSIZE);
    Create a SocketSet with a specific initial capacity (defaults to FD_SETSIZE, the system's default capacity).
  pure nothrow @nogc @safe void `reset`();
    Reset the SocketSet so that there are 0 Sockets in the collection.
  pure nothrow @safe void `add`(Socket `s`);
    Add a Socket to the collection. The socket must not already be in the collection.
  pure nothrow @safe void `remove`(Socket `s`);
    Remove this Socket from the collection. Does nothing if the socket is not in the collection already.
  const pure nothrow @nogc @safe int `isSet`(Socket `s`);
    Return nonzero if this Socket is in the collection.
  const pure nothrow @nogc @property @safe uint `max`();
    Returns:
    The current capacity of this SocketSet. The exact meaning of the return value varies from platform to platform.

    Note Since D 2.065, this value does not indicate a restriction, and SocketSet will grow its capacity as needed automatically.

enum `SocketOptionLevel`: int;
  The level at which a socket option is defined:
  `SOCKET`
    Socket level
  `IP`
    Internet Protocol version 4 level
  `ICMP`
    Internet Control Message Protocol level
  `IGMP`
    Internet Group Management Protocol level
  `GGP`
    Gateway to Gateway Protocol level
  `TCP`
    Transmission Control Protocol level
  `PUP`
    PARC Universal Packet Protocol level
  `UDP`
    User Datagram Protocol level
  `IDP`
    Xerox NS protocol level
  `RAW`
    Raw IP packet level
  `IPV6`
    Internet Protocol version 6 level
struct `Linger`;
  Linger information for use with SocketOption.LINGER.
  l_onoff_t `on`;
    Nonzero for on.
  l_linger_t `time`;
    Linger time.
enum `SocketOption`: int;
  Specifies a socket option:
  `DEBUG`
    Record debugging information
  `BROADCAST`
    Allow transmission of broadcast messages
  `REUSEADDR`
    Allow local reuse of address
  `LINGER`
    Linger on close if unsent data is present
  `OOBINLINE`
    Receive out-of-band data in band
  `SNDBUF`
    Send buffer size
  `RCVBUF`
    Receive buffer size
  `DONTROUTE`
    Do not route
  `SNDTIMEO`
    Send timeout
  `RCVTIMEO`
    Receive timeout
  `ERROR`
    Retrieve and clear error status
  `KEEPALIVE`
    Enable keep-alive packets
  `ACCEPTCONN`
    Listen
  `RCVLOWAT`
    Minimum number of input bytes to process
  `SNDLOWAT`
    Minimum number of output bytes to process
  `TYPE`
    Socket type
  `TCP_NODELAY`
    Disable the Nagle algorithm for send coalescing
  `IPV6_UNICAST_HOPS`
    IP unicast hop limit
  `IPV6_MULTICAST_IF`
    IP multicast interface
  `IPV6_MULTICAST_LOOP`
    IP multicast loopback
  `IPV6_MULTICAST_HOPS`
    IP multicast hops
  `IPV6_JOIN_GROUP`
    Add an IP group membership
  `IPV6_LEAVE_GROUP`
    Drop an IP group membership
  `IPV6_V6ONLY`
    Treat wildcard bind as AF_INET6-only
class `Socket`;
  `Socket` is a class that creates a network communication endpoint using the Berkeley sockets interface.
  @trusted this(AddressFamily `af`, SocketType `type`, ProtocolType `protocol`);
  @safe this(AddressFamily `af`, SocketType `type`);
  @trusted this(AddressFamily `af`, SocketType `type`, in char[] `protocolName`);
    Create a blocking socket. If a single `protocol` `type` exists to support this socket `type` within the address family, the ProtocolType may be omitted.
  @safe this(in AddressInfo `info`);
    Create a blocking socket using the parameters from the specified AddressInfo structure.
  pure nothrow @nogc @safe this(socket_t `sock`, AddressFamily `af`);
    Use an existing socket handle.
  const pure nothrow @nogc @property @safe socket_t `handle`();
    Get underlying socket `handle`.
  const nothrow @nogc @property @trusted bool `blocking`();
  @property @trusted void `blocking`(bool `byes`);
    Get/set socket's `blocking` flag.
    When a socket is `blocking`, calls to receive(), accept(), and send() will block and wait for data/action. A non-`blocking` socket will immediately return instead of `blocking`.
  @property @safe AddressFamily `addressFamily`();
    Get the socket's address family.
  const @property @trusted bool `isAlive`();
    Property that indicates if this is a valid, alive socket.
  @trusted void `bind`(Address `addr`);
    Associate a local address with this socket.
  @trusted void `connect`(Address `to`);
    Establish a connection. If the socket is blocking, `connect` waits for the connection `to` be made. If the socket is nonblocking, `connect` returns immediately and the connection attempt is still in progress.
  @trusted void `listen`(int `backlog`);
    Listen for an incoming connection. bind must be called before you can `listen`. The `backlog` is a request of how many pending incoming connections are queued until accepted.
  protected pure nothrow @safe Socket `accepting`();
    Called by accept when a new Socket must be created for a new connection. To use a derived class, override this method and return an instance of your class. The returned Socket's handle must not be set; Socket has a protected constructor this() to use in this situation.
    Override to use a derived class. The returned socket's handle must not be set.
  @trusted Socket `accept`();
    Accept an incoming connection. If the socket is blocking, `accept` waits for a connection request. Throws SocketAcceptException if unable to accept. See accepting for use with derived classes.
  nothrow @nogc @trusted void `shutdown`(SocketShutdown `how`);
    Disables sends and/or receives.
  nothrow @nogc @trusted void `close`();
    Immediately drop any connections and release socket resources. Calling shutdown before `close` is recommended for connection-oriented sockets. The Socket object is no longer usable after `close`. Calling shutdown() before this is recommended for connection-oriented sockets.
  static @property @trusted string `hostName`();
    Returns:
    the local machine's host name
  @property @trusted Address `remoteAddress`();
    Remote endpoint Address.
  @property @trusted Address `localAddress`();
    Local endpoint Address.
  enum int `ERROR`;
    Send or receive error code. See wouldHaveBlocked, lastSocketError and Socket.getErrorText for obtaining more information about the error.
  @trusted ptrdiff_t `send`(const(void)[] `buf`, SocketFlags `flags`);
  @safe ptrdiff_t `send`(const(void)[] `buf`);
    Send data on the connection. If the socket is blocking and there is no buffer space left, `send` waits.
    Returns:
    The number of bytes actually sent, or Socket.ERROR on failure.
  @trusted ptrdiff_t `sendTo`(const(void)[] `buf`, SocketFlags `flags`, Address `to`);
  @safe ptrdiff_t `sendTo`(const(void)[] `buf`, Address `to`);
  @trusted ptrdiff_t `sendTo`(const(void)[] `buf`, SocketFlags `flags`);
  @safe ptrdiff_t `sendTo`(const(void)[] `buf`);
    Send data `to` a specific destination Address. If the destination address is not specified, a connection must have been made and that address is used. If the socket is blocking and there is no buffer space left, `sendTo` waits.
    Returns:
    The number of bytes actually sent, or Socket.ERROR on failure.
  @trusted ptrdiff_t `receive`(void[] `buf`, SocketFlags `flags`);
  @safe ptrdiff_t `receive`(void[] `buf`);
    Receive data on the connection. If the socket is blocking, `receive` waits until there is data to be received.
    Returns:
    The number of bytes actually received, 0 if the remote side has closed the connection, or Socket.ERROR on failure.
  @trusted ptrdiff_t `receiveFrom`(void[] `buf`, SocketFlags `flags`, ref Address `from`);
  @safe ptrdiff_t `receiveFrom`(void[] `buf`, ref Address `from`);
  @trusted ptrdiff_t `receiveFrom`(void[] `buf`, SocketFlags `flags`);
  @safe ptrdiff_t `receiveFrom`(void[] `buf`);
    Receive data and get the remote endpoint Address. If the socket is blocking, `receiveFrom` waits until there is data to be received.
    Returns:
    The number of bytes actually received, 0 if the remote side has closed the connection, or Socket.ERROR on failure.
  @trusted int `getOption`(SocketOptionLevel `level`, SocketOption `option`, void[] `result`);
    Get a socket `option`.
    Returns:
    The number of bytes written to `result`. The length, in bytes, of the actual `result` - very different from getsockopt()
  @trusted int `getOption`(SocketOptionLevel `level`, SocketOption `option`, out int32_t `result`);
    Common case of getting integer and boolean options.
  @trusted int `getOption`(SocketOptionLevel `level`, SocketOption `option`, out Linger `result`);
    Get the linger `option`.
  @trusted void `getOption`(SocketOptionLevel `level`, SocketOption `option`, out Duration `result`);
    Get a timeout (duration) `option`.
  @trusted void `setOption`(SocketOptionLevel `level`, SocketOption `option`, void[] `value`);
    Set a socket `option`.
  @trusted void `setOption`(SocketOptionLevel `level`, SocketOption `option`, int32_t `value`);
    Common case for setting integer and boolean options.
  @trusted void `setOption`(SocketOptionLevel `level`, SocketOption `option`, Linger `value`);
    Set the linger `option`.
  @trusted void `setOption`(SocketOptionLevel `level`, SocketOption `option`, Duration `value`);
    Sets a timeout (duration) `option`, i.e. SocketOption.SNDTIMEO or RCVTIMEO. Zero indicates no timeout.
    In a typical application, you might also want to consider using a non-blocking socket instead of setting a timeout on a blocking one.

    Note While the receive timeout setting is generally quite accurate on *nix systems even for smaller durations, there are two issues to be aware of on Windows: First, although undocumented, the effective timeout duration seems to be the one set on the socket plus half a second. `setOption`() tries to compensate for that, but still, timeouts under 500ms are not possible on Windows. Second, be aware that the actual amount of time spent until a blocking call returns randomly varies on the order of 10ms.

    Parameters:

    SocketOptionLevel `level` | The `level` at which a socket `option` is defined.
    SocketOption `option` | Either SocketOption.SNDTIMEO or SocketOption.RCVTIMEO.
    Duration `value` | The timeout duration to set. Must not be negative.

    Throws:
    SocketException if setting the options fails.

    Example

        import std.datetime;
        import std.typecons;
        auto pair = socketPair();
        scope(exit) foreach (s; pair) s.close();

        // Set a receive timeout, and then wait at one end of
        // the socket pair, knowing that no data will arrive.
        pair[0].setOption(SocketOptionLevel.SOCKET,
            SocketOption.RCVTIMEO, dur!"seconds"(1));

        auto sw = StopWatch(Yes.autoStart);
        ubyte[1] buffer;
        pair[0].receive(buffer);
        writefln("Waited %s ms until the socket timed out.",
            sw.peek.msecs);

  @safe string `getErrorText`();
    Get a text description of this socket's error status, and clear the socket's error status.
  @trusted void `setKeepAlive`(int `time`, int `interval`);
    Enables TCP keep-alive with the specified parameters.
    Parameters:

    int `time` | Number of seconds with no activity until the first keep-alive packet is sent.
    int `interval` | Number of seconds between when successive keep-alive packets are sent if no acknowledgement is received.

    Throws:
    SocketOSException if setting the options fails, or SocketFeatureException if setting keep-alive parameters is unsupported on the current platform.
  static @trusted int `select`(SocketSet `checkRead`, SocketSet `checkWrite`, SocketSet `checkError`, Duration `timeout`);
  static @safe int `select`(SocketSet `checkRead`, SocketSet `checkWrite`, SocketSet `checkError`);
  static @trusted int `select`(SocketSet `checkRead`, SocketSet `checkWrite`, SocketSet `checkError`, TimeVal* `timeout`);
    Wait for a socket to change status. A wait `timeout` of core.time.Duration or TimeVal, may be specified; if a `timeout` is not specified or the TimeVal is `null`, the maximum `timeout` is used. The TimeVal `timeout` has an unspecified value when `select` returns.
    Returns:
    The number of sockets with status changes, 0 on `timeout`, or -1 on interruption. If the return value is greater than 0, the SocketSets are updated to only contain the sockets having status changes. For a connecting socket, a write status change means the connection is established and it's able to send. For a listening socket, a read status change means there is an incoming connection request and it's able to accept.
    SocketSet's updated to include only those sockets which an event occured. For a connect()ing socket, writeability means connected. For a listen()ing socket, readability means listening Winsock; possibly internally limited to 64 sockets per set.
    Returns:
    the number of events, 0 on `timeout`, or -1 on interruption
  protected pure nothrow @safe Address `createAddress`();
    Can be overridden to support other addresses.
    Returns:
    a new Address object for the current address family.
class `TcpSocket`: std.socket.Socket;
  `TcpSocket` is a shortcut class for a TCP Socket.
  @safe this(AddressFamily `family`);
    Constructs a blocking TCP Socket.
  @safe this();
    Constructs a blocking IPv4 TCP Socket.
  @safe this(Address `connectTo`);
    Constructs a blocking TCP Socket and connects to an Address.
class `UdpSocket`: std.socket.Socket;
  `UdpSocket` is a shortcut class for a UDP Socket.
  @safe this(AddressFamily `family`);
    Constructs a blocking UDP Socket.
  @safe this();
    Constructs a blocking IPv4 UDP Socket.
@trusted Socket[2] `socketPair`();
  Creates a pair of connected sockets.
  The two sockets are indistinguishable.
  Throws:
  SocketException if creation of the sockets fails.
  Examples:

      immutable ubyte[] data = [1, 2, 3, 4];
      auto pair = socketPair();
      scope(exit) foreach (s; pair) s.close();

      pair[0].send(data);

      auto buf = new ubyte[data.length];
      pair[1].receive(buf);
      writeln(buf); // data

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