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# std.bitmanip

Bit-level manipulation facilities.

Category | Functions
--- | ---
Bit constructs | BitArray bitfields bitsSet
Endianness conversion | bigEndianToNative littleEndianToNative nativeToBigEndian nativeToLittleEndian swapEndian
Integral ranges | append peek read write
Floating-Point manipulation | DoubleRep FloatRep
Tagging | taggedClassRef taggedPointer

License:
Boost License 1.0.
Authors:
Walter Bright, Andrei Alexandrescu, Jonathan M Davis, Alex Rønne Petersen, Damian Ziemba, Amaury SECHET

Source std/bitmanip.d

template `bitfields`(T...)
  Allows creating bit fields inside structs and classes.
  The type of a bit field can be any integral type or enumerated type. The most efficient type to store in `bitfields` is bool, followed by unsigned types, followed by signed types.
  See Also:
  std.typecons.BitFlags
  Examples:
  Create a bitfield pack of eight bits, which fit in one ubyte. The `bitfields` are allocated starting from the least significant bit, i.e. x occupies the two least significant bits of the `bitfields` storage.

      struct A
      {
          int a;
          mixin(bitfields!(
              uint, "x",    2,
              int,  "y",    3,
              uint, "z",    2,
              bool, "flag", 1));
      }

      A obj;
      obj.x = 2;
      obj.z = obj.x;

      writeln(obj.x); // 2
      writeln(obj.y); // 0
      writeln(obj.z); // 2

  Examples:
  The sum of all bit lengths in one bitfield instantiation must be exactly 8, 16, 32, or 64. If padding is needed, just allocate one bitfield with an empty name.

      struct A
      {
          mixin(bitfields!(
              bool, "flag1",    1,
              bool, "flag2",    1,
              uint, "",         6));
      }

  Examples:
  enums can be used too

      enum ABC { A, B, C }
      struct EnumTest
      {
          mixin(bitfields!(
                    ABC, "x", 2,
                    bool, "y", 1,
                    ubyte, "z", 5));
      }

enum auto `taggedPointer`(T : T*, string name, Ts...);
  This string mixin generator allows one to create tagged pointers inside structs and classes.
  A tagged pointer uses the bits known to be zero in a normal pointer or class reference to store extra information. For example, a pointer to an integer must be 4-byte aligned, so there are 2 bits that are always known to be zero. One can store a 2-bit integer there.
  The example above creates a tagged pointer in the struct A. The pointer is of type uint* as specified by the first argument, and is named x, as specified by the second argument.
  Following arguments works the same way as bitfield's. The bitfield must fit into the bits known to be zero because of the pointer alignment.
  Examples:

      struct A
      {
          int a;
          mixin(taggedPointer!(
              uint*, "x",
              bool, "b1", 1,
              bool, "b2", 1));
      }
      A obj;
      obj.x = new uint;
      obj.b1 = true;
      obj.b2 = false;

template `taggedClassRef`(T, string name, Ts...) if (is(T == class))
  This string mixin generator allows one to create tagged class reference inside structs and classes.
  A tagged class reference uses the bits known to be zero in a normal class reference to store extra information. For example, a pointer to an integer must be 4-byte aligned, so there are 2 bits that are always known to be zero. One can store a 2-bit integer there.
  The example above creates a tagged reference to an Object in the struct A. This expects the same parameters as taggedPointer, except the first argument which must be a class type instead of a pointer type.
  Examples:

      struct A
      {
          int a;
          mixin(taggedClassRef!(
              Object, "o",
              uint, "i", 2));
      }
      A obj;
      obj.o = new Object();
      obj.i = 3;

struct `FloatRep`;
  Allows manipulating the fraction, exponent, and sign parts of a float separately. The definition is:

      struct FloatRep
      {
          union
          {
              float value;
              mixin(bitfields!(
                        uint,  "fraction", 23,
                        ubyte, "exponent",  8,
                        bool,  "sign",      1));
          }
          enum uint bias = 127, fractionBits = 23, exponentBits = 8, signBits = 1;
      }

struct `DoubleRep`;
  Allows manipulating the fraction, exponent, and sign parts of a double separately. The definition is:

      struct DoubleRep
      {
          union
          {
              double value;
              mixin(bitfields!(
                        ulong,   "fraction", 52,
                        ushort,  "exponent", 11,
                        bool,    "sign",      1));
          }
          enum uint bias = 1023, signBits = 1, fractionBits = 52, exponentBits = 11;
      }

  Examples:
  Reading

      DoubleRep x;
      x.value = 1.0;
      assert(x.fraction == 0 && x.exponent == 1023 && !x.sign);
      x.value = -0.5;
      assert(x.fraction == 0 && x.exponent == 1022 && x.sign);
      x.value = 0.5;
      assert(x.fraction == 0 && x.exponent == 1022 && !x.sign);

  Examples:
  Writing

      DoubleRep x;
      x.fraction = 1125899906842624;
      x.exponent = 1025;
      x.sign = true;
      writeln(x.value); // -5.0

struct `BitArray`;
  An array of bits.
  Examples:

      import std.format : format;

      BitArray b;

      b = BitArray([]);
      writeln(format("%s", b)); // "[]"
      assert(format("%b", b) is null);

      b = BitArray([1]);
      writeln(format("%s", b)); // "[1]"
      writeln(format("%b", b)); // "1"

      b = BitArray([0, 0, 0, 0]);
      writeln(format("%b", b)); // "0000"

      b = BitArray([0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1]);
      writeln(format("%s", b)); // "[0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1]"
      writeln(format("%b", b)); // "00001111"

      b = BitArray([0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1]);
      writeln(format("%s", b)); // "[0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1]"
      writeln(format("%b", b)); // "00001111_00001111"

      b = BitArray([1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1]);
      writeln(format("%b", b)); // "1_00001111"

      b = BitArray([1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1]);
      writeln(format("%b", b)); // "1_00001111_00001111"

  const pure nothrow @nogc @property @safe size_t `dim`();
    Gets the amount of native words backing this BitArray.
  const pure nothrow @nogc @property @safe size_t `length`();
    Gets the amount of bits in the BitArray.
  pure nothrow @property @system size_t `length`(size_t `newlen`);
    Sets the amount of bits in the BitArray. Warning: increasing `length` may overwrite bits in final word up to the next word boundary. i.e. D dynamic array extension semantics are not followed.
  const pure nothrow @nogc bool `opIndex`(size_t `i`);
    Gets the `i`'th bit in the BitArray.
    Examples:

        static void fun(const BitArray arr)
        {
            auto x = arr[0];
            writeln(x); // 1
        }
        BitArray a;
        a.length = 3;
        a[0] = 1;
        fun(a);

  pure nothrow @nogc bool `opIndexAssign`(bool `b`, size_t `i`);
    Sets the `i`'th bit in the BitArray.
  void `opSliceAssign`(bool `val`);
    Sets all the values in the BitArray to the value specified by `val`.
    Examples:

        import std.algorithm.comparison : equal;

        auto b = BitArray([1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1]);

        b[] = true;
        // all bits are set
        assert(b.bitsSet.equal([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]));

        b[] = false;
        // none of the bits are set
        assert(b.bitsSet.empty);

  void `opSliceAssign`(bool `val`, size_t `start`, size_t `end`);
    Sets the bits of a slice of BitArray starting at index `start` and ends at index ($D `end` - 1) with the values specified by `val`.
    Examples:

        import std.algorithm.comparison : equal;
        import std.range : iota;
        import std.stdio;

        auto b = BitArray([1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0]);
        b[1 .. 3] = true;
        assert(b.bitsSet.equal([0, 1, 2, 4, 5]));

        bool[72] bitArray;
        auto b1 = BitArray(bitArray);
        b1[63 .. 67] = true;
        assert(b1.bitsSet.equal([63, 64, 65, 66]));
        b1[63 .. 67] = false;
        assert(b1.bitsSet.empty);
        b1[0 .. 64] = true;
        assert(b1.bitsSet.equal(iota(0, 64)));
        b1[0 .. 64] = false;
        assert(b1.bitsSet.empty);

        bool[256] bitArray2;
        auto b2 = BitArray(bitArray2);
        b2[3 .. 245] = true;
        assert(b2.bitsSet.equal(iota(3, 245)));
        b2[3 .. 245] = false;
        assert(b2.bitsSet.empty);

  void `flip`();
    Flips all the bits in the BitArray
    Examples:

        import std.algorithm.comparison : equal;
        import std.range : iota;

        // positions 0, 2, 4 are set
        auto b = BitArray([1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0]);
        b.flip();
        // after flipping, positions 1, 3, 5 are set
        assert(b.bitsSet.equal([1, 3, 5]));

        bool[270] bits;
        auto b1 = BitArray(bits);
        b1.flip();
        assert(b1.bitsSet.equal(iota(0, 270)));

  void `flip`(size_t `i`);
    Flips a single bit, specified by pos
    Examples:

        auto ax = BitArray([1, 0, 0, 1]);
        ax.flip(0);
        writeln(ax[0]); // 0

        bool[200] y;
        y[90 .. 130] = true;
        auto ay = BitArray(y);
        ay.flip(100);
        writeln(ay[100]); // 0

  size_t `count`();
    Counts all the set bits in the BitArray
    Examples:

        auto a = BitArray([0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1]);
        writeln(a.count); // 4

        bool[200] boolArray;
        boolArray[45 .. 130] = true;
        auto c = BitArray(boolArray);
        writeln(c.count); // 85

  const pure nothrow @property BitArray `dup`();
    Duplicates the BitArray and its contents.
    Examples:

        BitArray a;
        BitArray b;

        a.length = 3;
        a[0] = 1; a[1] = 0; a[2] = 1;
        b = a.dup;
        writeln(b.length); // 3
        foreach (i; 0 .. 3)
            writeln(b[i]); // (((i ^ 1) & 1) ? true : false)

  int `opApply`(scope int delegate(ref bool) `dg`);
  const int `opApply`(scope int delegate(bool) `dg`);
  int `opApply`(scope int delegate(size_t, ref bool) `dg`);
  const int `opApply`(scope int delegate(size_t, bool) `dg`);
    Support for foreach loops for BitArray.
    Examples:

        bool[] ba = [1,0,1];

        auto a = BitArray(ba);

        int i;
        foreach (b;a)
        {
            switch (i)
            {
                case 0: assert(b == true); break;
                case 1: assert(b == false); break;
                case 2: assert(b == true); break;
                default: assert(0);
            }
            i++;
        }

        foreach (j,b;a)
        {
            switch (j)
            {
                case 0: assert(b == true); break;
                case 1: assert(b == false); break;
                case 2: assert(b == true); break;
                default: assert(0);
            }
        }

  pure nothrow @nogc @property BitArray `reverse`();
    Reverses the bits of the BitArray.
    Examples:

        BitArray b;
        bool[5] data = [1,0,1,1,0];

        b = BitArray(data);
        b.reverse;
        foreach (i; 0 .. data.length)
            writeln(b[i]); // data[4 - i]

  pure nothrow @nogc @property BitArray `sort`();
    Sorts the BitArray's elements.
    Examples:

        size_t x = 0b1100011000;
        auto ba = BitArray(10, &x);
        ba.sort;
        foreach (i; 0 .. 6)
            writeln(ba[i]); // false
        foreach (i; 6 .. 10)
            writeln(ba[i]); // true

  const pure nothrow @nogc bool `opEquals`(ref const BitArray `a2`);
    Support for operators == and != for BitArray.
    Examples:

        bool[] ba = [1,0,1,0,1];
        bool[] bb = [1,0,1];
        bool[] bc = [1,0,1,0,1,0,1];
        bool[] bd = [1,0,1,1,1];
        bool[] be = [1,0,1,0,1];
        bool[] bf = [1,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0];
        bool[] bg = [1,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1];

        auto a = BitArray(ba);
        auto b = BitArray(bb);
        auto c = BitArray(bc);
        auto d = BitArray(bd);
        auto e = BitArray(be);
        auto f = BitArray(bf);
        auto g = BitArray(bg);

        assert(a != b);
        assert(a != c);
        assert(a != d);
        writeln(a); // e
        assert(f != g);

  const pure nothrow @nogc int `opCmp`(BitArray `a2`);
    Supports comparison operators for BitArray.
    Examples:

        bool[] ba = [1,0,1,0,1];
        bool[] bb = [1,0,1];
        bool[] bc = [1,0,1,0,1,0,1];
        bool[] bd = [1,0,1,1,1];
        bool[] be = [1,0,1,0,1];
        bool[] bf = [1,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1];
        bool[] bg = [1,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0];

        auto a = BitArray(ba);
        auto b = BitArray(bb);
        auto c = BitArray(bc);
        auto d = BitArray(bd);
        auto e = BitArray(be);
        auto f = BitArray(bf);
        auto g = BitArray(bg);

        assert(a >  b);
        assert(a >= b);
        assert(a <  c);
        assert(a <= c);
        assert(a <  d);
        assert(a <= d);
        writeln(a); // e
        assert(a <= e);
        assert(a >= e);
        assert(f <  g);
        assert(g <= g);

  const pure nothrow @nogc size_t `toHash`();
    Support for hashing for BitArray.
  pure nothrow @system this(bool[] `ba`);
    Set this BitArray to the contents of `ba`.
  pure nothrow this(void[] `v`, size_t `numbits`);
    Map the BitArray onto `v`, with `numbits` being the number of bits in the array. Does not copy the data. `v`.length must be a multiple of size_t.sizeof. If there are unmapped bits in the final mapped word then these will be set to 0.
    This is the inverse of opCast.
    Examples:

        bool[] ba = [1,0,1,0,1];

        auto a = BitArray(ba);
        void[] v;

        v = cast(void[]) a;
        auto b = BitArray(v, a.length);

        writeln(b[0]); // 1
        writeln(b[1]); // 0
        writeln(b[2]); // 1
        writeln(b[3]); // 0
        writeln(b[4]); // 1

        a[0] = 0;
        writeln(b[0]); // 0

        writeln(a); // b

  pure nothrow @nogc void[] `opCast`(T : void[])();
    Convert to void[].
  pure nothrow @nogc size_t[] `opCast`(T : size_t[])();
    Convert to size_t[].
    Examples:

        import std.array : array;
        import std.range : repeat, take;

        // bit array with 300 elements
        auto a = BitArray(true.repeat.take(300).array);
        size_t[] v = cast(size_t[]) a;
        const blockSize = size_t.sizeof * 8;
        writeln(v.length); // (a.length + blockSize - 1) / blockSize

  const pure nothrow BitArray `opCom`();
    Support for unary operator ~ for BitArray.
    Examples:

        bool[] ba = [1,0,1,0,1];

        auto a = BitArray(ba);
        BitArray b = ~a;

        writeln(b[0]); // 0
        writeln(b[1]); // 1
        writeln(b[2]); // 0
        writeln(b[3]); // 1
        writeln(b[4]); // 0

  const pure nothrow BitArray `opBinary`(string op)(const BitArray `e2`)
  if (op == "-" || op == "&" || op == "|" || op == "^");
    Support for binary bitwise operators for BitArray.
    Examples:

        static bool[] ba = [1,0,1,0,1];
        static bool[] bb = [1,0,1,1,0];

        auto a = BitArray(ba);
        auto b = BitArray(bb);

        BitArray c = a & b;

        writeln(c[0]); // 1
        writeln(c[1]); // 0
        writeln(c[2]); // 1
        writeln(c[3]); // 0
        writeln(c[4]); // 0

    Examples:

        bool[] ba = [1,0,1,0,1];
        bool[] bb = [1,0,1,1,0];

        auto a = BitArray(ba);
        auto b = BitArray(bb);

        BitArray c = a | b;

        writeln(c[0]); // 1
        writeln(c[1]); // 0
        writeln(c[2]); // 1
        writeln(c[3]); // 1
        writeln(c[4]); // 1

    Examples:

        bool[] ba = [1,0,1,0,1];
        bool[] bb = [1,0,1,1,0];

        auto a = BitArray(ba);
        auto b = BitArray(bb);

        BitArray c = a ^ b;

        writeln(c[0]); // 0
        writeln(c[1]); // 0
        writeln(c[2]); // 0
        writeln(c[3]); // 1
        writeln(c[4]); // 1

    Examples:

        bool[] ba = [1,0,1,0,1];
        bool[] bb = [1,0,1,1,0];

        auto a = BitArray(ba);
        auto b = BitArray(bb);

        BitArray c = a - b;

        writeln(c[0]); // 0
        writeln(c[1]); // 0
        writeln(c[2]); // 0
        writeln(c[3]); // 0
        writeln(c[4]); // 1

  pure nothrow @nogc BitArray `opOpAssign`(string op)(const BitArray `e2`)
  if (op == "-" || op == "&" || op == "|" || op == "^");
    Support for operator op= for BitArray.
    Examples:

        bool[] ba = [1,0,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,1];
        bool[] bb = [1,0,1,1,0];
        auto a = BitArray(ba);
        auto b = BitArray(bb);
        BitArray c = a;
        c.length = 5;
        c &= b;
        writeln(a[5]); // 1
        writeln(a[6]); // 0
        writeln(a[7]); // 1
        writeln(a[8]); // 0
        writeln(a[9]); // 1

    Examples:

        bool[] ba = [1,0,1,0,1];
        bool[] bb = [1,0,1,1,0];

        auto a = BitArray(ba);
        auto b = BitArray(bb);

        a &= b;
        writeln(a[0]); // 1
        writeln(a[1]); // 0
        writeln(a[2]); // 1
        writeln(a[3]); // 0
        writeln(a[4]); // 0

    Examples:

        bool[] ba = [1,0,1,0,1];
        bool[] bb = [1,0,1,1,0];

        auto a = BitArray(ba);
        auto b = BitArray(bb);

        a |= b;
        writeln(a[0]); // 1
        writeln(a[1]); // 0
        writeln(a[2]); // 1
        writeln(a[3]); // 1
        writeln(a[4]); // 1

    Examples:

        bool[] ba = [1,0,1,0,1];
        bool[] bb = [1,0,1,1,0];

        auto a = BitArray(ba);
        auto b = BitArray(bb);

        a ^= b;
        writeln(a[0]); // 0
        writeln(a[1]); // 0
        writeln(a[2]); // 0
        writeln(a[3]); // 1
        writeln(a[4]); // 1

    Examples:

        bool[] ba = [1,0,1,0,1];
        bool[] bb = [1,0,1,1,0];

        auto a = BitArray(ba);
        auto b = BitArray(bb);

        a -= b;
        writeln(a[0]); // 0
        writeln(a[1]); // 0
        writeln(a[2]); // 0
        writeln(a[3]); // 0
        writeln(a[4]); // 1

  pure nothrow BitArray `opCatAssign`(bool `b`);
  pure nothrow BitArray `opCatAssign`(BitArray `b`);
    Support for operator ~= for BitArray. Warning: This will overwrite a bit in the final word of the current underlying data regardless of whether it is shared between BitArray objects. i.e. D dynamic array concatenation semantics are not followed
    Examples:

        bool[] ba = [1,0,1,0,1];

        auto a = BitArray(ba);
        BitArray b;

        b = (a ~= true);
        writeln(a[0]); // 1
        writeln(a[1]); // 0
        writeln(a[2]); // 1
        writeln(a[3]); // 0
        writeln(a[4]); // 1
        writeln(a[5]); // 1

        writeln(b); // a

    Examples:

        bool[] ba = [1,0];
        bool[] bb = [0,1,0];

        auto a = BitArray(ba);
        auto b = BitArray(bb);
        BitArray c;

        c = (a ~= b);
        writeln(a.length); // 5
        writeln(a[0]); // 1
        writeln(a[1]); // 0
        writeln(a[2]); // 0
        writeln(a[3]); // 1
        writeln(a[4]); // 0

        writeln(c); // a

  const pure nothrow BitArray `opCat`(bool `b`);
  const pure nothrow BitArray `opCat_r`(bool `b`);
  const pure nothrow BitArray `opCat`(BitArray `b`);
    Support for binary operator ~ for BitArray.
    Examples:

        bool[] ba = [1,0];
        bool[] bb = [0,1,0];

        auto a = BitArray(ba);
        auto b = BitArray(bb);
        BitArray c;

        c = (a ~ b);
        writeln(c.length); // 5
        writeln(c[0]); // 1
        writeln(c[1]); // 0
        writeln(c[2]); // 0
        writeln(c[3]); // 1
        writeln(c[4]); // 0

        c = (a ~ true);
        writeln(c.length); // 3
        writeln(c[0]); // 1
        writeln(c[1]); // 0
        writeln(c[2]); // 1

        c = (false ~ a);
        writeln(c.length); // 3
        writeln(c[0]); // 0
        writeln(c[1]); // 1
        writeln(c[2]); // 0

  pure nothrow @nogc void `opOpAssign`(string op)(size_t `nbits`)
  if (op == "<<");
    Operator <<= support.
    Shifts all the bits in the array to the left by the given number of bits. The leftmost bits are dropped, and 0's are appended to the end to fill up the vacant bits.
    Warning: unused bits in the final word up to the next word boundary may be overwritten by this operation. It does not attempt to preserve bits past the end of the array.
  pure nothrow @nogc void `opOpAssign`(string op)(size_t `nbits`)
  if (op == ">>");
    Operator >>= support.
    Shifts all the bits in the array to the right by the given number of bits. The rightmost bits are dropped, and 0's are inserted at the back to fill up the vacant bits.
    Warning: unused bits in the final word up to the next word boundary may be overwritten by this operation. It does not attempt to preserve bits past the end of the array.
    Examples:

        import std.format : format;

        auto b = BitArray([1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1]);

        b <<= 1;
        writeln(format("%b", b)); // "01100_10101101"

        b >>= 1;
        writeln(format("%b", b)); // "11001_01011010"

        b <<= 4;
        writeln(format("%b", b)); // "00001_10010101"

        b >>= 5;
        writeln(format("%b", b)); // "10010_10100000"

        b <<= 13;
        writeln(format("%b", b)); // "00000_00000000"

        b = BitArray([1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1]);
        b >>= 8;
        writeln(format("%b", b)); // "00000000"

  const void `toString`(scope void delegate(const(char)[]) `sink`, ref const FormatSpec!char `fmt`);
    Return a string representation of this BitArray.
    Two format specifiers are supported:
    - %s which prints the bits as an array, and
    - %b which prints the bits as 8-bit byte packets
    separated with an underscore.
    Examples:

        import std.format : format;

        auto b = BitArray([0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1]);

        auto s1 = format("%s", b);
        writeln(s1); // "[0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1]"

        auto s2 = format("%b", b);
        writeln(s2); // "00001111_00001111"

  const nothrow @property auto `bitsSet`();
    Return a lazy range of the indices of set bits.
    Examples:

        import std.algorithm.comparison : equal;

        auto b1 = BitArray([0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1]);
        assert(b1.bitsSet.equal([4, 5, 6, 7, 12, 13, 14, 15]));

        BitArray b2;
        b2.length = 1000;
        b2[333] = true;
        b2[666] = true;
        b2[999] = true;
        assert(b2.bitsSet.equal([333, 666, 999]));

pure nothrow @nogc @safe T `swapEndian`(T)(T `val`)
if (isIntegral!T || isSomeChar!T || isBoolean!T);
  Swaps the endianness of the given integral value or character.
pure nothrow @nogc @safe auto `nativeToBigEndian`(T)(T `val`)
if (canSwapEndianness!T);
  Converts the given value from the native endianness to big endian and returns it as a ubyte[n] where n is the size of the given type.
  Returning a ubyte[n] helps prevent accidentally using a swapped value as a regular one (and in the case of floating point values, it's necessary, because the FPU will mess up any swapped floating point values. So, you can't actually have swapped floating point values as floating point values).
  real is not supported, because its size is implementation-dependent and therefore could vary from machine to machine (which could make it unusable if you tried to transfer it to another machine).
  Examples:

      int i = 12345;
      ubyte[4] swappedI = nativeToBigEndian(i);
      writeln(i); // bigEndianToNative!int(swappedI)

      double d = 123.45;
      ubyte[8] swappedD = nativeToBigEndian(d);
      writeln(d); // bigEndianToNative!double(swappedD)

pure nothrow @nogc @safe T `bigEndianToNative`(T, size_t n)(ubyte[n] `val`)
if (canSwapEndianness!T && (n == T.sizeof));
  Converts the given value from big endian to the native endianness and returns it. The value is given as a ubyte[n] where n is the size of the target type. You must give the target type as a template argument, because there are multiple types with the same size and so the type of the argument is not enough to determine the return type.
  Taking a ubyte[n] helps prevent accidentally using a swapped value as a regular one (and in the case of floating point values, it's necessary, because the FPU will mess up any swapped floating point values. So, you can't actually have swapped floating point values as floating point values).
  Examples:

      ushort i = 12345;
      ubyte[2] swappedI = nativeToBigEndian(i);
      writeln(i); // bigEndianToNative!ushort(swappedI)

      dchar c = 'D';
      ubyte[4] swappedC = nativeToBigEndian(c);
      writeln(c); // bigEndianToNative!dchar(swappedC)

pure nothrow @nogc @safe auto `nativeToLittleEndian`(T)(T `val`)
if (canSwapEndianness!T);
  Converts the given value from the native endianness to little endian and returns it as a ubyte[n] where n is the size of the given type.
  Returning a ubyte[n] helps prevent accidentally using a swapped value as a regular one (and in the case of floating point values, it's necessary, because the FPU will mess up any swapped floating point values. So, you can't actually have swapped floating point values as floating point values).
  Examples:

      int i = 12345;
      ubyte[4] swappedI = nativeToLittleEndian(i);
      writeln(i); // littleEndianToNative!int(swappedI)

      double d = 123.45;
      ubyte[8] swappedD = nativeToLittleEndian(d);
      writeln(d); // littleEndianToNative!double(swappedD)

pure nothrow @nogc @safe T `littleEndianToNative`(T, size_t n)(ubyte[n] `val`)
if (canSwapEndianness!T && (n == T.sizeof));
  Converts the given value from little endian to the native endianness and returns it. The value is given as a ubyte[n] where n is the size of the target type. You must give the target type as a template argument, because there are multiple types with the same size and so the type of the argument is not enough to determine the return type.
  Taking a ubyte[n] helps prevent accidentally using a swapped value as a regular one (and in the case of floating point values, it's necessary, because the FPU will mess up any swapped floating point values. So, you can't actually have swapped floating point values as floating point values).
  real is not supported, because its size is implementation-dependent and therefore could vary from machine to machine (which could make it unusable if you tried to transfer it to another machine).
  Examples:

      ushort i = 12345;
      ubyte[2] swappedI = nativeToLittleEndian(i);
      writeln(i); // littleEndianToNative!ushort(swappedI)

      dchar c = 'D';
      ubyte[4] swappedC = nativeToLittleEndian(c);
      writeln(c); // littleEndianToNative!dchar(swappedC)

T `peek`(T, Endian endianness = Endian.bigEndian, R)(R `range`)
if (canSwapEndianness!T && isForwardRange!R && is(ElementType!R : const(ubyte)));
T `peek`(T, Endian endianness = Endian.bigEndian, R)(R `range`, size_t `index`)
if (canSwapEndianness!T && isForwardRange!R && hasSlicing!R && is(ElementType!R : const(ubyte)));
T `peek`(T, Endian endianness = Endian.bigEndian, R)(R `range`, size_t* `index`)
if (canSwapEndianness!T && isForwardRange!R && hasSlicing!R && is(ElementType!R : const(ubyte)));
  Takes a `range` of ubytes and converts the first T.sizeof bytes to T. The value returned is converted from the given endianness to the native endianness. The `range` is not consumed.
  Parameters:

  T | The integral type to convert the first T.sizeof bytes to.
  endianness | The endianness that the bytes are assumed to be in.
  R `range` | The `range` to read from.
  size_t `index` | The `index` to start reading from (instead of starting at the front). If `index` is a pointer, then it is updated to the `index` after the bytes read. The overloads with `index` are only available if hasSlicing!R is `true`.

  Examples:

      ubyte[] buffer = [1, 5, 22, 9, 44, 255, 8];
      writeln(buffer.peek!uint()); // 17110537
      writeln(buffer.peek!ushort()); // 261
      writeln(buffer.peek!ubyte()); // 1

      writeln(buffer.peek!uint(2)); // 369700095
      writeln(buffer.peek!ushort(2)); // 5641
      writeln(buffer.peek!ubyte(2)); // 22

      size_t index = 0;
      writeln(buffer.peek!ushort(&index)); // 261
      writeln(index); // 2

      writeln(buffer.peek!uint(&index)); // 369700095
      writeln(index); // 6

      writeln(buffer.peek!ubyte(&index)); // 8
      writeln(index); // 7

  Examples:

      import std.algorithm.iteration : filter;
      ubyte[] buffer = [1, 5, 22, 9, 44, 255, 7];
      auto range = filter!"true"(buffer);
      writeln(range.peek!uint()); // 17110537
      writeln(range.peek!ushort()); // 261
      writeln(range.peek!ubyte()); // 1

T `read`(T, Endian endianness = Endian.bigEndian, R)(ref R `range`)
if (canSwapEndianness!T && isInputRange!R && is(ElementType!R : const(ubyte)));
  Takes a `range` of ubytes and converts the first T.sizeof bytes to T. The value returned is converted from the given endianness to the native endianness. The T.sizeof bytes which are `read` are consumed from the `range`.
  Parameters:

  T | The integral type to convert the first T.sizeof bytes to.
  endianness | The endianness that the bytes are assumed to be in.
  R `range` | The `range` to `read` from.

  Examples:

      import std.range.primitives : empty;
      ubyte[] buffer = [1, 5, 22, 9, 44, 255, 8];
      writeln(buffer.length); // 7

      writeln(buffer.read!ushort()); // 261
      writeln(buffer.length); // 5

      writeln(buffer.read!uint()); // 369700095
      writeln(buffer.length); // 1

      writeln(buffer.read!ubyte()); // 8
      assert(buffer.empty);

void `write`(T, Endian endianness = Endian.bigEndian, R)(R `range`, T `value`, size_t `index`)
if (canSwapEndianness!T && isForwardRange!R && hasSlicing!R && is(ElementType!R : ubyte));
void `write`(T, Endian endianness = Endian.bigEndian, R)(R `range`, T `value`, size_t* `index`)
if (canSwapEndianness!T && isForwardRange!R && hasSlicing!R && is(ElementType!R : ubyte));
  Takes an integral `value`, converts it to the given endianness, and writes it to the given `range` of ubytes as a sequence of T.sizeof ubytes starting at `index`. hasSlicing!R must be `true`.
  Parameters:

  T | The integral type to convert the first T.sizeof bytes to.
  endianness | The endianness to write the bytes in.
  R `range` | The `range` to write to.
  T `value` | The `value` to write.
  size_t `index` | The `index` to start writing to. If `index` is a pointer, then it is updated to the `index` after the bytes read.

  Examples:

      ubyte[] buffer = [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0];
      buffer.write!uint(29110231u, 0);
      writeln(buffer); // [1, 188, 47, 215, 0, 0, 0, 0]

      buffer.write!ushort(927, 0);
      writeln(buffer); // [3, 159, 47, 215, 0, 0, 0, 0]

      buffer.write!ubyte(42, 0);
      writeln(buffer); // [42, 159, 47, 215, 0, 0, 0, 0]

  Examples:

      ubyte[] buffer = [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0];
      buffer.write!uint(142700095u, 2);
      writeln(buffer); // [0, 0, 8, 129, 110, 63, 0, 0, 0]

      buffer.write!ushort(19839, 2);
      writeln(buffer); // [0, 0, 77, 127, 110, 63, 0, 0, 0]

      buffer.write!ubyte(132, 2);
      writeln(buffer); // [0, 0, 132, 127, 110, 63, 0, 0, 0]

  Examples:

      ubyte[] buffer = [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0];
      size_t index = 0;
      buffer.write!ushort(261, &index);
      writeln(buffer); // [1, 5, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
      writeln(index); // 2

      buffer.write!uint(369700095u, &index);
      writeln(buffer); // [1, 5, 22, 9, 44, 255, 0, 0]
      writeln(index); // 6

      buffer.write!ubyte(8, &index);
      writeln(buffer); // [1, 5, 22, 9, 44, 255, 8, 0]
      writeln(index); // 7

  Examples:
  bool

      ubyte[] buffer = [0, 0];
      buffer.write!bool(false, 0);
      writeln(buffer); // [0, 0]

      buffer.write!bool(true, 0);
      writeln(buffer); // [1, 0]

      buffer.write!bool(true, 1);
      writeln(buffer); // [1, 1]

      buffer.write!bool(false, 1);
      writeln(buffer); // [1, 0]

      size_t index = 0;
      buffer.write!bool(false, &index);
      writeln(buffer); // [0, 0]
      writeln(index); // 1

      buffer.write!bool(true, &index);
      writeln(buffer); // [0, 1]
      writeln(index); // 2

  Examples:
  char(8-bit)

      ubyte[] buffer = [0, 0, 0];

      buffer.write!char('a', 0);
      writeln(buffer); // [97, 0, 0]

      buffer.write!char('b', 1);
      writeln(buffer); // [97, 98, 0]

      size_t index = 0;
      buffer.write!char('a', &index);
      writeln(buffer); // [97, 98, 0]
      writeln(index); // 1

      buffer.write!char('b', &index);
      writeln(buffer); // [97, 98, 0]
      writeln(index); // 2

      buffer.write!char('c', &index);
      writeln(buffer); // [97, 98, 99]
      writeln(index); // 3

  Examples:
  wchar (16bit - 2x ubyte)

      ubyte[] buffer = [0, 0, 0, 0];

      buffer.write!wchar('ą', 0);
      writeln(buffer); // [1, 5, 0, 0]

      buffer.write!wchar('”', 2);
      writeln(buffer); // [1, 5, 32, 29]

      size_t index = 0;
      buffer.write!wchar('ć', &index);
      writeln(buffer); // [1, 7, 32, 29]
      writeln(index); // 2

      buffer.write!wchar('ą', &index);
      writeln(buffer); // [1, 7, 1, 5]
      writeln(index); // 4

  Examples:
  dchar (32bit - 4x ubyte)

      ubyte[] buffer = [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0];

      buffer.write!dchar('ą', 0);
      writeln(buffer); // [0, 0, 1, 5, 0, 0, 0, 0]

      buffer.write!dchar('”', 4);
      writeln(buffer); // [0, 0, 1, 5, 0, 0, 32, 29]

      size_t index = 0;
      buffer.write!dchar('ć', &index);
      writeln(buffer); // [0, 0, 1, 7, 0, 0, 32, 29]
      writeln(index); // 4

      buffer.write!dchar('ą', &index);
      writeln(buffer); // [0, 0, 1, 7, 0, 0, 1, 5]
      writeln(index); // 8

  Examples:
  float (32bit - 4x ubyte)

      ubyte[] buffer = [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0];

      buffer.write!float(32.0f, 0);
      writeln(buffer); // [66, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]

      buffer.write!float(25.0f, 4);
      writeln(buffer); // [66, 0, 0, 0, 65, 200, 0, 0]

      size_t index = 0;
      buffer.write!float(25.0f, &index);
      writeln(buffer); // [65, 200, 0, 0, 65, 200, 0, 0]
      writeln(index); // 4

      buffer.write!float(32.0f, &index);
      writeln(buffer); // [65, 200, 0, 0, 66, 0, 0, 0]
      writeln(index); // 8

  Examples:
  double (64bit - 8x ubyte)

      ubyte[] buffer = [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0];

      buffer.write!double(32.0, 0);
      writeln(buffer); // [64, 64, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]

      buffer.write!double(25.0, 8);
      writeln(buffer); // [64, 64, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 64, 57, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]

      size_t index = 0;
      buffer.write!double(25.0, &index);
      writeln(buffer); // [64, 57, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 64, 57, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
      writeln(index); // 8

      buffer.write!double(32.0, &index);
      writeln(buffer); // [64, 57, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 64, 64, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
      writeln(index); // 16

  Examples:
  enum

      ubyte[] buffer = [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0];

      enum Foo
      {
          one = 10,
          two = 20,
          three = 30
      }

      buffer.write!Foo(Foo.one, 0);
      writeln(buffer); // [0, 0, 0, 10, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]

      buffer.write!Foo(Foo.two, 4);
      writeln(buffer); // [0, 0, 0, 10, 0, 0, 0, 20, 0, 0, 0, 0]

      buffer.write!Foo(Foo.three, 8);
      writeln(buffer); // [0, 0, 0, 10, 0, 0, 0, 20, 0, 0, 0, 30]

      size_t index = 0;
      buffer.write!Foo(Foo.three, &index);
      writeln(buffer); // [0, 0, 0, 30, 0, 0, 0, 20, 0, 0, 0, 30]
      writeln(index); // 4

      buffer.write!Foo(Foo.one, &index);
      writeln(buffer); // [0, 0, 0, 30, 0, 0, 0, 10, 0, 0, 0, 30]
      writeln(index); // 8

      buffer.write!Foo(Foo.two, &index);
      writeln(buffer); // [0, 0, 0, 30, 0, 0, 0, 10, 0, 0, 0, 20]
      writeln(index); // 12

  Examples:
  enum - float

      ubyte[] buffer = [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0];

      enum Float: float
      {
          one = 32.0f,
          two = 25.0f
      }

      buffer.write!Float(Float.one, 0);
      writeln(buffer); // [66, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]

      buffer.write!Float(Float.two, 4);
      writeln(buffer); // [66, 0, 0, 0, 65, 200, 0, 0]

      size_t index = 0;
      buffer.write!Float(Float.two, &index);
      writeln(buffer); // [65, 200, 0, 0, 65, 200, 0, 0]
      writeln(index); // 4

      buffer.write!Float(Float.one, &index);
      writeln(buffer); // [65, 200, 0, 0, 66, 0, 0, 0]
      writeln(index); // 8

  Examples:
  enum - double

      ubyte[] buffer = [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0];

      enum Double: double
      {
          one = 32.0,
          two = 25.0
      }

      buffer.write!Double(Double.one, 0);
      writeln(buffer); // [64, 64, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]

      buffer.write!Double(Double.two, 8);
      writeln(buffer); // [64, 64, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 64, 57, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]

      size_t index = 0;
      buffer.write!Double(Double.two, &index);
      writeln(buffer); // [64, 57, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 64, 57, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
      writeln(index); // 8

      buffer.write!Double(Double.one, &index);
      writeln(buffer); // [64, 57, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 64, 64, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
      writeln(index); // 16

  Examples:
  enum - real

      ubyte[] buffer = [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0];

      enum Real: real
      {
          one = 32.0,
          two = 25.0
      }

      static assert(!__traits(compiles, buffer.write!Real(Real.one)));

void `append`(T, Endian endianness = Endian.bigEndian, R)(R `range`, T `value`)
if (canSwapEndianness!T && isOutputRange!(R, ubyte));
  Takes an integral `value`, converts it to the given endianness, and appends it to the given `range` of ubytes (using put) as a sequence of T.sizeof ubytes starting at index. hasSlicing!R must be `true`.
  Parameters:

  T | The integral type to convert the first T.sizeof bytes to.
  endianness | The endianness to write the bytes in.
  R `range` | The `range` to append to.
  T `value` | The `value` to append.

  Examples:

      import std.array;
      auto buffer = appender!(const ubyte[])();
      buffer.append!ushort(261);
      writeln(buffer.data); // [1, 5]

      buffer.append!uint(369700095u);
      writeln(buffer.data); // [1, 5, 22, 9, 44, 255]

      buffer.append!ubyte(8);
      writeln(buffer.data); // [1, 5, 22, 9, 44, 255, 8]

  Examples:
  bool

      import std.array : appender;
      auto buffer = appender!(const ubyte[])();

      buffer.append!bool(true);
      writeln(buffer.data); // [1]

      buffer.append!bool(false);
      writeln(buffer.data); // [1, 0]

  Examples:
  char wchar dchar

      import std.array : appender;
      auto buffer = appender!(const ubyte[])();

      buffer.append!char('a');
      writeln(buffer.data); // [97]

      buffer.append!char('b');
      writeln(buffer.data); // [97, 98]

      buffer.append!wchar('ą');
      writeln(buffer.data); // [97, 98, 1, 5]

      buffer.append!dchar('ą');
          writeln(buffer.data); // [97, 98, 1, 5, 0, 0, 1, 5]

  Examples:
  float double

      import std.array : appender;
      auto buffer = appender!(const ubyte[])();

      buffer.append!float(32.0f);
      writeln(buffer.data); // [66, 0, 0, 0]

      buffer.append!double(32.0);
      writeln(buffer.data); // [66, 0, 0, 0, 64, 64, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]

  Examples:
  enum

      import std.array : appender;
      auto buffer = appender!(const ubyte[])();

      enum Foo
      {
          one = 10,
          two = 20,
          three = 30
      }

      buffer.append!Foo(Foo.one);
      writeln(buffer.data); // [0, 0, 0, 10]

      buffer.append!Foo(Foo.two);
      writeln(buffer.data); // [0, 0, 0, 10, 0, 0, 0, 20]

      buffer.append!Foo(Foo.three);
      writeln(buffer.data); // [0, 0, 0, 10, 0, 0, 0, 20, 0, 0, 0, 30]

  Examples:
  enum - bool

      import std.array : appender;
      auto buffer = appender!(const ubyte[])();

      enum Bool: bool
      {
          bfalse = false,
          btrue = true,
      }

      buffer.append!Bool(Bool.btrue);
      writeln(buffer.data); // [1]

      buffer.append!Bool(Bool.bfalse);
      writeln(buffer.data); // [1, 0]

      buffer.append!Bool(Bool.btrue);
      writeln(buffer.data); // [1, 0, 1]

  Examples:
  enum - float

      import std.array : appender;
      auto buffer = appender!(const ubyte[])();

      enum Float: float
      {
          one = 32.0f,
          two = 25.0f
      }

      buffer.append!Float(Float.one);
      writeln(buffer.data); // [66, 0, 0, 0]

      buffer.append!Float(Float.two);
      writeln(buffer.data); // [66, 0, 0, 0, 65, 200, 0, 0]

  Examples:
  enum - double

      import std.array : appender;
      auto buffer = appender!(const ubyte[])();

      enum Double: double
      {
          one = 32.0,
          two = 25.0
      }

      buffer.append!Double(Double.one);
      writeln(buffer.data); // [64, 64, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]

      buffer.append!Double(Double.two);
      writeln(buffer.data); // [64, 64, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 64, 57, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]

  Examples:
  enum - real

      import std.array : appender;
      auto buffer = appender!(const ubyte[])();

      enum Real: real
      {
          one = 32.0,
          two = 25.0
      }

      static assert(!__traits(compiles, buffer.append!Real(Real.one)));

pure nothrow @nogc auto `bitsSet`(T)(T `value`)
if (isIntegral!T);
  Range that iterates the indices of the set bits in `value`. Index 0 corresponds to the least significant bit. For signed integers, the highest index corresponds to the sign bit.
  Examples:

      import std.algorithm.comparison : equal;
      import std.range : iota;

      assert(bitsSet(1).equal([0]));
      assert(bitsSet(5).equal([0, 2]));
      assert(bitsSet(-1).equal(iota(32)));
      assert(bitsSet(int.min).equal([31]));

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