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# std.ascii

Functions which operate on ASCII characters.
All of the functions in std.ascii accept Unicode characters but effectively ignore them if they're not ASCII. All isX functions return `false` for non-ASCII characters, and all toX functions do nothing to non-ASCII characters.
For functions which operate on Unicode characters, see std.uni.

Category | Functions
--- | ---
Validation | isAlpha isAlphaNum isASCII isControl isDigit isGraphical isHexDigit isOctalDigit isPrintable isPunctuation isUpper isWhite
Conversions | toLower toUpper
Constants | digits fullHexDigits hexDigits letters lowercase lowerHexDigits newline octalDigits uppercase whitespace
Enums | LetterCase

References ASCII Table, Wikipedia

License:
Boost License 1.0.
Authors:
Walter Bright and Jonathan M Davis

Source std/ascii.d

immutable string `fullHexDigits`;
  0 .. 9A .. Fa .. f
immutable string `hexDigits`;
  0 .. 9A .. F
immutable string `lowerHexDigits`;
  0 .. 9a .. f
immutable string `digits`;
  0 .. 9
immutable string `octalDigits`;
  0 .. 7
immutable string `letters`;
  A .. Za .. z
immutable string `uppercase`;
  A .. Z
immutable string `lowercase`;
  a .. z
immutable string `whitespace`;
  ASCII whitespace
enum `LetterCase`: bool;
  Letter case specifier.
  Examples:

      import std.conv : to;

      writeln(42.to!string(16, LetterCase.upper)); // "2A"
      writeln(42.to!string(16, LetterCase.lower)); // "2a"

  Examples:

      import std.digest.hmac : hmac;
      import std.digest.digest : toHexString;
      import std.digest.sha : SHA1;
      import std.string : representation;

      const sha1HMAC = "A very long phrase".representation
          .hmac!SHA1("secret".representation)
          .toHexString!(LetterCase.lower);
      writeln(sha1HMAC); // "49f2073c7bf58577e8c9ae59fe8cfd37c9ab94e5"

  `upper`
    Upper case letters
  `lower`
    Lower case letters
immutable string `newline`;
  Newline sequence for this system.
pure nothrow @nogc @safe bool `isAlphaNum`(dchar `c`);
  Parameters:

  dchar `c` | The character to test.

  Returns:
  Whether `c` is a letter or a number (0 .. 9, a .. z, A .. Z).
  Examples:

      assert( isAlphaNum('A'));
      assert( isAlphaNum('1'));
      assert(!isAlphaNum('#'));

      // N.B.: does not return true for non-ASCII Unicode alphanumerics:
      assert(!isAlphaNum('á'));

pure nothrow @nogc @safe bool `isAlpha`(dchar `c`);
  Parameters:

  dchar `c` | The character to test.

  Returns:
  Whether `c` is an ASCII letter (A .. Z, a .. z).
  Examples:

      assert( isAlpha('A'));
      assert(!isAlpha('1'));
      assert(!isAlpha('#'));

      // N.B.: does not return true for non-ASCII Unicode alphabetic characters:
      assert(!isAlpha('á'));

pure nothrow @nogc @safe bool `isLower`(dchar `c`);
  Parameters:

  dchar `c` | The character to test.

  Returns:
  Whether `c` is a lowercase ASCII letter (a .. z).
  Examples:

      assert( isLower('a'));
      assert(!isLower('A'));
      assert(!isLower('#'));

      // N.B.: does not return true for non-ASCII Unicode lowercase letters
      assert(!isLower('á'));
      assert(!isLower('Á'));

pure nothrow @nogc @safe bool `isUpper`(dchar `c`);
  Parameters:

  dchar `c` | The character to test.

  Returns:
  Whether `c` is an uppercase ASCII letter (A .. Z).
  Examples:

      assert( isUpper('A'));
      assert(!isUpper('a'));
      assert(!isUpper('#'));

      // N.B.: does not return true for non-ASCII Unicode uppercase letters
      assert(!isUpper('á'));
      assert(!isUpper('Á'));

pure nothrow @nogc @safe bool `isDigit`(dchar `c`);
  Parameters:

  dchar `c` | The character to test.

  Returns:
  Whether `c` is a digit (0 .. 9).
  Examples:

      assert( isDigit('3'));
      assert( isDigit('8'));
      assert(!isDigit('B'));
      assert(!isDigit('#'));

      // N.B.: does not return true for non-ASCII Unicode numbers
      assert(!isDigit('０')); // full-width digit zero (U+FF10)
      assert(!isDigit('４')); // full-width digit four (U+FF14)

pure nothrow @nogc @safe bool `isOctalDigit`(dchar `c`);
  Parameters:

  dchar `c` | The character to test.

  Returns:
  Whether `c` is a digit in base 8 (0 .. 7).
  Examples:

      assert( isOctalDigit('0'));
      assert( isOctalDigit('7'));
      assert(!isOctalDigit('8'));
      assert(!isOctalDigit('A'));
      assert(!isOctalDigit('#'));

pure nothrow @nogc @safe bool `isHexDigit`(dchar `c`);
  Parameters:

  dchar `c` | The character to test.

  Returns:
  Whether `c` is a digit in base 16 (0 .. 9, A .. F, a .. f).
  Examples:

      assert( isHexDigit('0'));
      assert( isHexDigit('A'));
      assert( isHexDigit('f')); // lowercase hex digits are accepted
      assert(!isHexDigit('g'));
      assert(!isHexDigit('G'));
      assert(!isHexDigit('#'));

pure nothrow @nogc @safe bool `isWhite`(dchar `c`);
  Parameters:

  dchar `c` | The character to test.

  Returns:
  Whether or not `c` is a whitespace character. That includes the space, tab, vertical tab, form feed, carriage return, and linefeed characters.
  Examples:

      assert( isWhite(' '));
      assert( isWhite('\t'));
      assert( isWhite('\n'));
      assert(!isWhite('1'));
      assert(!isWhite('a'));
      assert(!isWhite('#'));

      // N.B.: Does not return true for non-ASCII Unicode whitespace characters.
      static import std.uni;
      assert(std.uni.isWhite('\u00A0'));
      assert(!isWhite('\u00A0')); // std.ascii.isWhite

pure nothrow @nogc @safe bool `isControl`(dchar `c`);
  Parameters:

  dchar `c` | The character to test.

  Returns:
  Whether `c` is a control character.
  Examples:

      assert( isControl('\0'));
      assert( isControl('\022'));
      assert( isControl('\n')); // newline is both whitespace and control
      assert(!isControl(' '));
      assert(!isControl('1'));
      assert(!isControl('a'));
      assert(!isControl('#'));

      // N.B.: non-ASCII Unicode control characters are not recognized:
      assert(!isControl('\u0080'));
      assert(!isControl('\u2028'));
      assert(!isControl('\u2029'));

pure nothrow @nogc @safe bool `isPunctuation`(dchar `c`);
  Parameters:

  dchar `c` | The character to test.

  Returns:
  Whether or not `c` is a punctuation character. That includes all ASCII characters which are not control characters, letters, digits, or whitespace.
  Examples:

      assert( isPunctuation('.'));
      assert( isPunctuation(','));
      assert( isPunctuation(':'));
      assert( isPunctuation('!'));
      assert( isPunctuation('#'));
      assert( isPunctuation('~'));
      assert( isPunctuation('+'));
      assert( isPunctuation('_'));

      assert(!isPunctuation('1'));
      assert(!isPunctuation('a'));
      assert(!isPunctuation(' '));
      assert(!isPunctuation('\n'));
      assert(!isPunctuation('\0'));

      // N.B.: Non-ASCII Unicode punctuation characters are not recognized.
      assert(!isPunctuation('\u2012')); // (U+2012 = en-dash)

pure nothrow @nogc @safe bool `isGraphical`(dchar `c`);
  Parameters:

  dchar `c` | The character to test.

  Returns:
  Whether or not `c` is a printable character other than the space character.
  Examples:

      assert( isGraphical('1'));
      assert( isGraphical('a'));
      assert( isGraphical('#'));
      assert(!isGraphical(' ')); // whitespace is not graphical
      assert(!isGraphical('\n'));
      assert(!isGraphical('\0'));

      // N.B.: Unicode graphical characters are not regarded as such.
      assert(!isGraphical('á'));

pure nothrow @nogc @safe bool `isPrintable`(dchar `c`);
  Parameters:

  dchar `c` | The character to test.

  Returns:
  Whether or not `c` is a printable character - including the space character.
  Examples:

      assert( isPrintable(' '));  // whitespace is printable
      assert( isPrintable('1'));
      assert( isPrintable('a'));
      assert( isPrintable('#'));
      assert(!isPrintable('\0')); // control characters are not printable

      // N.B.: Printable non-ASCII Unicode characters are not recognized.
      assert(!isPrintable('á'));

pure nothrow @nogc @safe bool `isASCII`(dchar `c`);
  Parameters:

  dchar `c` | The character to test.

  Returns:
  Whether or not `c` is in the ASCII character set - i.e. in the range 0 .. 0x7F.
  Examples:

      assert( isASCII('a'));
      assert(!isASCII('á'));

auto `toLower`(C)(C `c`)
if (is(C : dchar));
  Converts an ASCII letter to lowercase.
  Parameters:

  C `c` | A character of any type that implicitly converts to dchar. In the case where it's a built-in type, or an enum of a built-in type, Unqual!(OriginalType!C) is returned, whereas if it's a user-defined type, dchar is returned.

  Returns:
  The corresponding lowercase letter, if `c` is an uppercase ASCII character, otherwise `c` itself.
  Examples:

      writeln(toLower('a')); // 'a'
      writeln(toLower('A')); // 'a'
      writeln(toLower('#')); // '#'

      // N.B.: Non-ASCII Unicode uppercase letters are not converted.
      writeln(toLower('Á')); // 'Á'

auto `toUpper`(C)(C `c`)
if (is(C : dchar));
  Converts an ASCII letter to uppercase.
  Parameters:

  C `c` | Any type which implicitly converts to dchar. In the case where it's a built-in type, or an enum of a built-in type, Unqual!(OriginalType!C) is returned, whereas if it's a user-defined type, dchar is returned.

  Returns:
  The corresponding uppercase letter, if `c` is a lowercase ASCII character, otherwise `c` itself.
  Examples:

      writeln(toUpper('a')); // 'A'
      writeln(toUpper('A')); // 'A'
      writeln(toUpper('#')); // '#'

      // N.B.: Non-ASCII Unicode lowercase letters are not converted.
      writeln(toUpper('á')); // 'á'

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