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# std.xml

Warning: This module is considered out-dated and not up to Phobos' current standards. It will remain until we have a suitable replacement, but be aware that it will not remain long term.
Classes and functions for creating and parsing XML
The basic architecture of this module is that there are standalone functions, classes for constructing an XML document from scratch (Tag, Element and Document), and also classes for parsing a pre-existing XML file (ElementParser and DocumentParser). The parsing classes may be used to build a Document, but that is not their primary purpose. The handling capabilities of DocumentParser and ElementParser are sufficiently customizable that you can make them do pretty much whatever you want.

Example This example creates a DOM (Document Object Model) tree from an XML file.

    import std.xml;
    import std.stdio;
    import std.string;
    import std.file;

    // books.xml is used in various samples throughout the Microsoft XML Core
    // Services (MSXML) SDK.
    //
    // See http://msdn2.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms762271(VS.85).aspx

    void main()
    {
        string s = cast(string) std.file.read("books.xml");

        // Check for well-formedness
        check(s);

        // Make a DOM tree
        auto doc = new Document(s);

        // Plain-print it
        writeln(doc);
    }

Example This example does much the same thing, except that the file is deconstructed and reconstructed by hand. This is more work, but the techniques involved offer vastly more power.

    import std.xml;
    import std.stdio;
    import std.string;

    struct Book
    {
        string id;
        string author;
        string title;
        string genre;
        string price;
        string pubDate;
        string description;
    }

    void main()
    {
        string s = cast(string) std.file.read("books.xml");

        // Check for well-formedness
        check(s);

        // Take it apart
        Book[] books;

        auto xml = new DocumentParser(s);
        xml.onStartTag["book"] = (ElementParser xml)
        {
            Book book;
            book.id = xml.tag.attr["id"];

            xml.onEndTag["author"]       = (in Element e) { book.author      = e.text(); };
            xml.onEndTag["title"]        = (in Element e) { book.title       = e.text(); };
            xml.onEndTag["genre"]        = (in Element e) { book.genre       = e.text(); };
            xml.onEndTag["price"]        = (in Element e) { book.price       = e.text(); };
            xml.onEndTag["publish-date"] = (in Element e) { book.pubDate     = e.text(); };
            xml.onEndTag["description"]  = (in Element e) { book.description = e.text(); };

            xml.parse();

            books ~= book;
        };
        xml.parse();

        // Put it back together again;
        auto doc = new Document(new Tag("catalog"));
        foreach (book;books)
        {
            auto element = new Element("book");
            element.tag.attr["id"] = book.id;

            element ~= new Element("author",      book.author);
            element ~= new Element("title",       book.title);
            element ~= new Element("genre",       book.genre);
            element ~= new Element("price",       book.price);
            element ~= new Element("publish-date",book.pubDate);
            element ~= new Element("description", book.description);

            doc ~= element;
        }

        // Pretty-print it
        writefln(join(doc.pretty(3),"\n"));
    }

License:
Boost License 1.0.
Authors:
Janice Caron

Source std/xml.d

pure nothrow @nogc @safe bool `isChar`(dchar `c`);
  Returns `true` if the character is a character according to the XML standard
  Standards:
  XML 1.0
  Parameters:

  dchar `c` | the character to be tested

pure nothrow @nogc @safe bool `isSpace`(dchar `c`);
  Returns `true` if the character is whitespace according to the XML standard
  Only the following characters are considered whitespace in XML - space, tab, carriage return and linefeed
  Standards:
  XML 1.0
  Parameters:

  dchar `c` | the character to be tested

pure nothrow @nogc @safe bool `isDigit`(dchar `c`);
  Returns `true` if the character is a digit according to the XML standard
  Standards:
  XML 1.0
  Parameters:

  dchar `c` | the character to be tested

pure nothrow @nogc @safe bool `isLetter`(dchar `c`);
  Returns `true` if the character is a letter according to the XML standard
  Standards:
  XML 1.0
  Parameters:

  dchar `c` | the character to be tested

pure nothrow @nogc @safe bool `isIdeographic`(dchar `c`);
  Returns `true` if the character is an ideographic character according to the XML standard
  Standards:
  XML 1.0
  Parameters:

  dchar `c` | the character to be tested

pure nothrow @nogc @safe bool `isBaseChar`(dchar `c`);
  Returns `true` if the character is a base character according to the XML standard
  Standards:
  XML 1.0
  Parameters:

  dchar `c` | the character to be tested

pure nothrow @nogc @safe bool `isCombiningChar`(dchar `c`);
  Returns `true` if the character is a combining character according to the XML standard
  Standards:
  XML 1.0
  Parameters:

  dchar `c` | the character to be tested

pure nothrow @nogc @safe bool `isExtender`(dchar `c`);
  Returns `true` if the character is an extender according to the XML standard
  Standards:
  XML 1.0
  Parameters:

  dchar `c` | the character to be tested

S `encode`(S)(S `s`);
  Encodes a string by replacing all characters which need to be escaped with appropriate predefined XML entities.
  `encode`() escapes certain characters (ampersand, quote, apostrophe, less-than and greater-than), and similarly, decode() unescapes them. These functions are provided for convenience only. You do not need to use them when using the std.xml classes, because then all the encoding and decoding will be done for you automatically.
  If the string is not modified, the original will be returned.
  Standards:
  XML 1.0
  Parameters:

  S `s` | The string to be encoded

  Returns:
  The encoded string

  Example

      writefln(encode("a > b")); // writes "a &gt; b"

enum `DecodeMode`: int;
  Mode to use for decoding.
  NONE
  Do not decode
  LOOSE
  Decode, but ignore errors
  STRICT
  Decode, and throw exception on error
pure @safe string `decode`(string `s`, DecodeMode `mode` = DecodeMode.LOOSE);
  Decodes a string by unescaping all predefined XML entities.
  encode() escapes certain characters (ampersand, quote, apostrophe, less-than and greater-than), and similarly, `decode`() unescapes them. These functions are provided for convenience only. You do not need to use them when using the std.xml classes, because then all the encoding and decoding will be done for you automatically.
  This function decodes the entities &amp;, &quot;, &apos;, &lt; and &gt, as well as decimal and hexadecimal entities such as &#x20AC;
  If the string does not contain an ampersand, the original will be returned.
  Note that the "`mode`" parameter can be one of DecodeMode.NONE (do not `decode`), DecodeMode.LOOSE (`decode`, but ignore errors), or DecodeMode.STRICT (`decode`, and throw a DecodeException in the event of an error).
  Standards:
  XML 1.0
  Parameters:

  string `s` | The string to be decoded
  DecodeMode `mode` | (optional) Mode to use for decoding. (Defaults to LOOSE).

  Throws:
  DecodeException if `mode` == DecodeMode.STRICT and `decode` fails
  Returns:
  The decoded string

  Example

      writefln(decode("a &gt; b")); // writes "a > b"

class `Document`: std.xml.Element;
  Class representing an XML document.
  Standards:
  XML 1.0
  string `prolog`;
    Contains all text which occurs before the root element. Defaults to <?xml version="1.0"?>
  string `epilog`;
    Contains all text which occurs after the root element. Defaults to the empty string
  this(string `s`);
    Constructs a Document by parsing XML text.
    This function creates a complete DOM (Document Object Model) tree.
    The input to this function MUST be valid XML. This is enforced by DocumentParser'`s` in contract.
    Parameters:

    string `s` | the complete XML text.

  this(const(Tag) `tag`);
    Constructs a Document from a Tag.
    Parameters:

    const(Tag) `tag` | the start `tag` of the document.

  const bool `opEquals`(scope const Object `o`);
    Compares two Documents for equality

    Example

        Document d1,d2;
        if (d1 == d2) { }

  const scope int `opCmp`(scope const Object `o`);
    Compares two Documents
    You should rarely need to call this function. It exists so that Documents can be used as associative array keys.

    Example

        Document d1,d2;
        if (d1 < d2) { }

  const scope @trusted size_t `toHash`();
    Returns the hash of a Document
    You should rarely need to call this function. It exists so that Documents can be used as associative array keys.
  const scope @safe string `toString`();
    Returns the string representation of a Document. (That is, the complete XML of a document).
class `Element`: std.xml.Item;
  Class representing an XML element.
  Standards:
  XML 1.0
  Tag `tag`;
    The start `tag` of the element
  Item[] `items`;
    The element's `items`
  Text[] `texts`;
    The element's text items
  CData[] `cdatas`;
    The element's CData items
  Comment[] `comments`;
    The element's `comments`
  ProcessingInstruction[] `pis`;
    The element's processing instructions
  Element[] `elements`;
    The element's child `elements`
  pure @safe this(string `name`, string `interior` = null);
    Constructs an Element given a `name` and a string to be used as a Text `interior`.
    Parameters:

    string `name` | the `name` of the element.
    string `interior` | (optional) the string `interior`.

    Example

        auto element = new Element("title","Serenity")
            // constructs the element <title>Serenity</title>

  pure @safe this(const(Tag) `tag_`);
    Constructs an Element from a Tag.
    Parameters:

    const(Tag) `tag_` | the start or empty tag of the element.

  pure @safe void `opCatAssign`(Text `item`);
    Append a text `item` to the interior of this element
    Parameters:

    Text `item` | the `item` you wish to append.

    Example

        Element element;
        element ~= new Text("hello");

  pure @safe void `opCatAssign`(CData `item`);
    Append a CData `item` to the interior of this element
    Parameters:

    CData `item` | the `item` you wish to append.

    Example

        Element element;
        element ~= new CData("hello");

  pure @safe void `opCatAssign`(Comment `item`);
    Append a comment to the interior of this element
    Parameters:

    Comment `item` | the `item` you wish to append.

    Example

        Element element;
        element ~= new Comment("hello");

  pure @safe void `opCatAssign`(ProcessingInstruction `item`);
    Append a processing instruction to the interior of this element
    Parameters:

    ProcessingInstruction `item` | the `item` you wish to append.

    Example

        Element element;
        element ~= new ProcessingInstruction("hello");

  pure @safe void `opCatAssign`(Element `item`);
    Append a complete element to the interior of this element
    Parameters:

    Element `item` | the `item` you wish to append.

    Example

        Element element;
        Element other = new Element("br");
        element ~= other;
           // appends element representing <br />

  const bool `opEquals`(scope const Object `o`);
    Compares two Elements for equality

    Example

        Element e1,e2;
        if (e1 == e2) { }

  const @safe int `opCmp`(scope const Object `o`);
    Compares two Elements
    You should rarely need to call this function. It exists so that Elements can be used as associative array keys.

    Example

        Element e1,e2;
        if (e1 < e2) { }

  const scope @safe size_t `toHash`();
    Returns the hash of an Element
    You should rarely need to call this function. It exists so that Elements can be used as associative array keys.
  const string `text`(DecodeMode `mode` = DecodeMode.LOOSE);
    Returns the decoded interior of an element.
    The element is assumed to contain `text` only. So, for example, given XML such as "<title>Good &amp; Bad</title>", will return "Good & Bad".
    Parameters:

    DecodeMode `mode` | (optional) Mode to use for decoding. (Defaults to LOOSE).

    Throws:
    DecodeException if decode fails
  const scope string[] `pretty`(uint `indent` = 2);
    Returns an indented string representation of this item
    Parameters:

    uint `indent` | (optional) number of spaces by which to `indent` this element. Defaults to 2.

  const scope @safe string `toString`();
    Returns the string representation of an Element

    Example

        auto element = new Element("br");
        writefln(element.toString()); // writes "<br />"

enum `TagType`: int;
  Tag types.
  START
  Used for start tags
  END
  Used for end tags
  EMPTY
  Used for empty tags
class `Tag`;
  Class representing an XML tag.
  Standards:
  XML 1.0
  The class invariant guarantees
  - that type is a valid enum TagType value
  - that name consists of valid characters
  - that each attribute name consists of valid characters
  TagType `type`;
    Type of tag
  string `name`;
    Tag `name`
  string[string] `attr`;
    Associative array of attributes
  pure @safe this(string `name`, TagType `type` = TagType.START);
    Constructs an instance of Tag with a specified `name` and `type`
    The constructor does not initialize the attributes. To initialize the attributes, you access the attr member variable.
    Parameters:

    string `name` | the Tag's `name`
    TagType `type` | (optional) the Tag's `type`. If omitted, defaults to TagType.START.

    Example

        auto tag = new Tag("img",Tag.EMPTY);
        tag.attr["src"] = "http://example.com/example.jpg";

  const bool `opEquals`(scope Object `o`);
    Compares two Tags for equality
    You should rarely need to call this function. It exists so that Tags can be used as associative array keys.

    Example

        Tag tag1,tag2
        if (tag1 == tag2) { }

  const int `opCmp`(Object `o`);
    Compares two Tags

    Example

        Tag tag1,tag2
        if (tag1 < tag2) { }

  const size_t `toHash`();
    Returns the hash of a Tag
    You should rarely need to call this function. It exists so that Tags can be used as associative array keys.
  const @safe string `toString`();
    Returns the string representation of a Tag

    Example

        auto tag = new Tag("book",TagType.START);
        writefln(tag.toString()); // writes "<book>"

  const pure nothrow @nogc @property @safe bool `isStart`();
    Returns `true` if the Tag is a start tag

    Example

        if (tag.isStart) { }

  const pure nothrow @nogc @property @safe bool `isEnd`();
    Returns `true` if the Tag is an end tag

    Example

        if (tag.isEnd) { }

  const pure nothrow @nogc @property @safe bool `isEmpty`();
    Returns `true` if the Tag is an empty tag

    Example

        if (tag.isEmpty) { }

class `Comment`: std.xml.Item;
  Class representing a comment
  pure @safe this(string `content`);
    Construct a comment
    Parameters:

    string `content` | the body of the comment

    Throws:
    CommentException if the comment body is illegal (contains "--" or exactly equals "-")

    Example

        auto item = new Comment("This is a comment");
           // constructs <!--This is a comment-->

  const bool `opEquals`(scope const Object `o`);
    Compares two comments for equality

    Example

        Comment item1,item2;
        if (item1 == item2) { }

  const scope int `opCmp`(scope const Object `o`);
    Compares two comments
    You should rarely need to call this function. It exists so that Comments can be used as associative array keys.

    Example

        Comment item1,item2;
        if (item1 < item2) { }

  const nothrow scope size_t `toHash`();
    Returns the hash of a Comment
    You should rarely need to call this function. It exists so that Comments can be used as associative array keys.
  const pure nothrow scope @safe string `toString`();
    Returns a string representation of this comment
  const pure nothrow @nogc @property scope @safe bool `isEmptyXML`();
    Returns `false` always
class `CData`: std.xml.Item;
  Class representing a Character Data section
  pure @safe this(string `content`);
    Construct a character data section
    Parameters:

    string `content` | the body of the character data segment

    Throws:
    CDataException if the segment body is illegal (contains "]]>")

    Example

        auto item = new CData("<b>hello</b>");
           // constructs <![CDATA[<b>hello</b>]]>

  const bool `opEquals`(scope const Object `o`);
    Compares two CDatas for equality

    Example

        CData item1,item2;
        if (item1 == item2) { }

  const scope int `opCmp`(scope const Object `o`);
    Compares two CDatas
    You should rarely need to call this function. It exists so that CDatas can be used as associative array keys.

    Example

        CData item1,item2;
        if (item1 < item2) { }

  const nothrow scope size_t `toHash`();
    Returns the hash of a CData
    You should rarely need to call this function. It exists so that CDatas can be used as associative array keys.
  const pure nothrow scope @safe string `toString`();
    Returns a string representation of this CData section
  const pure nothrow @nogc @property scope @safe bool `isEmptyXML`();
    Returns `false` always
class `Text`: std.xml.Item;
  Class representing a text (aka Parsed Character Data) section
  pure @safe this(string `content`);
    Construct a text (aka PCData) section
    Parameters:

    string `content` | the text. This function encodes the text before insertion, so it is safe to insert any text

    Example

        auto Text = new CData("a < b");
           // constructs a &lt; b

  const bool `opEquals`(scope const Object `o`);
    Compares two text sections for equality

    Example

        Text item1,item2;
        if (item1 == item2) { }

  const scope int `opCmp`(scope const Object `o`);
    Compares two text sections
    You should rarely need to call this function. It exists so that Texts can be used as associative array keys.

    Example

        Text item1,item2;
        if (item1 < item2) { }

  const nothrow scope size_t `toHash`();
    Returns the hash of a text section
    You should rarely need to call this function. It exists so that Texts can be used as associative array keys.
  const pure nothrow @nogc scope @safe string `toString`();
    Returns a string representation of this Text section
  const pure nothrow @nogc @property scope @safe bool `isEmptyXML`();
    Returns `true` if the content is the empty string
class `XMLInstruction`: std.xml.Item;
  Class representing an XML Instruction section
  pure @safe this(string `content`);
    Construct an XML Instruction section
    Parameters:

    string `content` | the body of the instruction segment

    Throws:
    XIException if the segment body is illegal (contains ">")

    Example

        auto item = new XMLInstruction("ATTLIST");
           // constructs <!ATTLIST>

  const bool `opEquals`(scope const Object `o`);
    Compares two XML instructions for equality

    Example

        XMLInstruction item1,item2;
        if (item1 == item2) { }

  const scope int `opCmp`(scope const Object `o`);
    Compares two XML instructions
    You should rarely need to call this function. It exists so that XmlInstructions can be used as associative array keys.

    Example

        XMLInstruction item1,item2;
        if (item1 < item2) { }

  const nothrow scope size_t `toHash`();
    Returns the hash of an XMLInstruction
    You should rarely need to call this function. It exists so that XmlInstructions can be used as associative array keys.
  const pure nothrow scope @safe string `toString`();
    Returns a string representation of this XmlInstruction
  const pure nothrow @nogc @property scope @safe bool `isEmptyXML`();
    Returns `false` always
class `ProcessingInstruction`: std.xml.Item;
  Class representing a Processing Instruction section
  pure @safe this(string `content`);
    Construct a Processing Instruction section
    Parameters:

    string `content` | the body of the instruction segment

    Throws:
    PIException if the segment body is illegal (contains "?>")

    Example

        auto item = new ProcessingInstruction("php");
           // constructs <?php?>

  const bool `opEquals`(scope const Object `o`);
    Compares two processing instructions for equality

    Example

        ProcessingInstruction item1,item2;
        if (item1 == item2) { }

  const scope int `opCmp`(scope const Object `o`);
    Compares two processing instructions
    You should rarely need to call this function. It exists so that ProcessingInstructions can be used as associative array keys.

    Example

        ProcessingInstruction item1,item2;
        if (item1 < item2) { }

  const nothrow scope size_t `toHash`();
    Returns the hash of a ProcessingInstruction
    You should rarely need to call this function. It exists so that ProcessingInstructions can be used as associative array keys.
  const pure nothrow scope @safe string `toString`();
    Returns a string representation of this ProcessingInstruction
  const pure nothrow @nogc @property scope @safe bool `isEmptyXML`();
    Returns `false` always
abstract class `Item`;
  Abstract base class for XML items
  abstract const @safe bool `opEquals`(scope const Object `o`);
    Compares with another Item of same type for equality
  abstract const @safe int `opCmp`(scope const Object `o`);
    Compares with another Item of same type
  abstract const scope @safe size_t `toHash`();
    Returns the hash of this item
  abstract const scope @safe string `toString`();
    Returns a string representation of this item
  const scope @safe string[] `pretty`(uint `indent`);
    Returns an indented string representation of this item
    Parameters:

    uint `indent` | number of spaces by which to `indent` child elements

  abstract const pure nothrow @nogc @property scope @safe bool `isEmptyXML`();
    Returns `true` if the item represents empty XML text
class `DocumentParser`: std.xml.ElementParser;
  Class for parsing an XML Document.
  This is a subclass of ElementParser. Most of the useful functions are documented there.
  Standards:
  XML 1.0
  Bugs:
  Currently only supports UTF documents.
  If there is an encoding attribute in the prolog, it is ignored.
  this(string `xmlText_`);
    Constructs a DocumentParser.
    The input to this function MUST be valid XML. This is enforced by the function's in contract.
    Parameters:

    string `xmlText_` | the entire XML document as text

class `ElementParser`;
  Class for parsing an XML element.
  Standards:
  XML 1.0
  Note that you cannot construct instances of this class directly. You can construct a DocumentParser (which is a subclass of `ElementParser`), but otherwise, Instances of `ElementParser` will be created for you by the library, and passed your way via onStartTag handlers.
  const pure nothrow @nogc @property @safe const(Tag) `tag`();
    The Tag at the start of the element being parsed. You can read this to determine the `tag`'s name and attributes.
  ParserHandler[string] `onStartTag`;
    Register a handler which will be called whenever a start tag is encountered which matches the specified name. You can also pass `null` as the name, in which case the handler will be called for any unmatched start tag.

    Example

        // Call this function whenever a <podcast> start tag is encountered
        onStartTag["podcast"] = (ElementParser xml)
        {
            // Your code here
            //
            // This is a a closure, so code here may reference
            // variables which are outside of this scope
        };

        // call myEpisodeStartHandler (defined elsewhere) whenever an <episode>
        // start tag is encountered
        onStartTag["episode"] = &myEpisodeStartHandler;

        // call delegate dg for all other start tags
        onStartTag[null] = dg;

    This library will supply your function with a new instance of ElementHandler, which may be used to parse inside the element whose start tag was just found, or to identify the tag attributes of the element, etc.
    Note that your function will be called for both start tags and empty tags. That is, we make no distinction between <br></br> and <br/>.
  ElementHandler[string] `onEndTag`;
    Register a handler which will be called whenever an end tag is encountered which matches the specified name. You can also pass `null` as the name, in which case the handler will be called for any unmatched end tag.

    Example

        // Call this function whenever a </podcast> end tag is encountered
        onEndTag["podcast"] = (in Element e)
        {
            // Your code here
            //
            // This is a a closure, so code here may reference
            // variables which are outside of this scope
        };

        // call myEpisodeEndHandler (defined elsewhere) whenever an </episode>
        // end tag is encountered
        onEndTag["episode"] = &myEpisodeEndHandler;

        // call delegate dg for all other end tags
        onEndTag[null] = dg;

    Note that your function will be called for both start tags and empty tags. That is, we make no distinction between <br></br> and <br/>.
  pure nothrow @nogc @property @safe void `onText`(Handler `handler`);
    Register a `handler` which will be called whenever text is encountered.

    Example

        // Call this function whenever text is encountered
        onText = (string s)
        {
            // Your code here

            // The passed parameter s will have been decoded by the time you see
            // it, and so may contain any character.
            //
            // This is a a closure, so code here may reference
            // variables which are outside of this scope
        };

  pure nothrow @nogc @safe void `onTextRaw`(Handler `handler`);
    Register an alternative `handler` which will be called whenever text is encountered. This differs from onText in that onText will decode the text, whereas `onTextRaw` will not. This allows you to make design choices, since onText will be more accurate, but slower, while `onTextRaw` will be faster, but less accurate. Of course, you can still call decode() within your `handler`, if you want, but you'd probably want to use `onTextRaw` only in circumstances where you know that decoding is unnecessary.

    Example

        // Call this function whenever text is encountered
        onText = (string s)
        {
            // Your code here

            // The passed parameter s will NOT have been decoded.
            //
            // This is a a closure, so code here may reference
            // variables which are outside of this scope
        };

  pure nothrow @nogc @property @safe void `onCData`(Handler `handler`);
    Register a `handler` which will be called whenever a character data segment is encountered.

    Example

        // Call this function whenever a CData section is encountered
        onCData = (string s)
        {
            // Your code here

            // The passed parameter s does not include the opening <![CDATA[
            // nor closing ]]>
            //
            // This is a a closure, so code here may reference
            // variables which are outside of this scope
        };

  pure nothrow @nogc @property @safe void `onComment`(Handler `handler`);
    Register a `handler` which will be called whenever a comment is encountered.

    Example

        // Call this function whenever a comment is encountered
        onComment = (string s)
        {
            // Your code here

            // The passed parameter s does not include the opening <!-- nor
            // closing -->
            //
            // This is a a closure, so code here may reference
            // variables which are outside of this scope
        };

  pure nothrow @nogc @property @safe void `onPI`(Handler `handler`);
    Register a `handler` which will be called whenever a processing instruction is encountered.

    Example

        // Call this function whenever a processing instruction is encountered
        onPI = (string s)
        {
            // Your code here

            // The passed parameter s does not include the opening <? nor
            // closing ?>
            //
            // This is a a closure, so code here may reference
            // variables which are outside of this scope
        };

  pure nothrow @nogc @property @safe void `onXI`(Handler `handler`);
    Register a `handler` which will be called whenever an XML instruction is encountered.

    Example

        // Call this function whenever an XML instruction is encountered
        // (Note: XML instructions may only occur preceding the root tag of a
        // document).
        onPI = (string s)
        {
            // Your code here

            // The passed parameter s does not include the opening <! nor
            // closing >
            //
            // This is a a closure, so code here may reference
            // variables which are outside of this scope
        };

  void `parse`();
    Parse an XML element.
    Parsing will continue until the end of the current element. Any items encountered for which a handler has been registered will invoke that handler.
    Throws:
    various kinds of XMLException
  const pure nothrow @nogc @safe string `toString`();
    Returns that part of the element which has already been parsed
pure @safe void `check`(string `s`);
  Check an entire XML document for well-formedness
  Parameters:

  string `s` | the document to be checked, passed as a string

  Throws:
  CheckException if the document is not well formed
  CheckException'`s` toString() method will yield the complete hierarchy of parse failure (the XML equivalent of a stack trace), giving the line and column number of every failure at every level.
class `XMLException`: object.Exception;
  The base class for exceptions thrown by this module
class `CommentException`: std.xml.XMLException;
  Thrown during Comment constructor
class `CDataException`: std.xml.XMLException;
  Thrown during CData constructor
class `XIException`: std.xml.XMLException;
  Thrown during XMLInstruction constructor
class `PIException`: std.xml.XMLException;
  Thrown during ProcessingInstruction constructor
class `TextException`: std.xml.XMLException;
  Thrown during Text constructor
class `DecodeException`: std.xml.XMLException;
  Thrown during decode()
class `InvalidTypeException`: std.xml.XMLException;
  Thrown if comparing with wrong type
class `TagException`: std.xml.XMLException;
  Thrown when parsing for Tags
class `CheckException`: std.xml.XMLException;
  Thrown during check()
  CheckException `err`;
    Parent in hierarchy
  string `msg`;
    Name of production rule which failed to parse, or specific error message
  size_t `line`;
    Line number at which parse failure occurred
  size_t `column`;
    Column number at which parse failure occurred

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