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#

D is a systems programming language with C-like syntax and static typing. It combines efficiency, control and modeling power with safety and programmer productivity.

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Latest version: 2.071.1 – Changelog

your code here

Got a brief example illustrating D?

Submit your code to the digitalmars.D forum specifying "[your code here]" in the subject.

Upon approval it will be showcased here on a random schedule.

    // Round floating point numbers
    import std.algorithm, std.conv, std.functional,
        std.math, std.regex, std.stdio;

    alias round = pipe!(to!real, std.math.round, to!string);
    static reFloatingPoint = ctRegex!`[0-9]+\.[0-9]+`;

    void main()
    {
        // Replace anything that looks like a real
        // number with the rounded equivalent.
        stdin
            .byLine
            .map!(l => l.replaceAll!(c => c.hit.round)
                                    (reFloatingPoint))
            .each!writeln;
    }

    // Sort lines
    import std.stdio, std.array, std.algorithm;

    void main()
    {
        stdin
            .byLineCopy
            .array
            .sort
            .each!writeln;
    }

#dlang Tweets

#### News

DConf 2016 is coming up: May 4-6 in Berlin, Germany. Secure your seat before it's sold out!

Stay updated with This Week in D, Adam D. Ruppe's weekly newsletter.

#### Community

Discuss D on the forums, join the IRC channel, or follow us on Twitter.

Browse the wiki where among other things you can find the review queue for major additions to the D project.

#### Learn

Check out Ali Çehreli's great textbook Programming in D, ask questions in the Learn forum, see the Getting Started page for more.

#### Documentation

Refer to the documentation for the language and for phobos, D's standard library. The DMD manual tells you how to use the compiler. Read various articles to deepen your understanding.

#### Packages

DUB is the package manager for D. Get started with DUB, and check out the available packages.

#### Contribute

Report any bugs you find to our bug tracker. If you can fix an issue, make a pull request on GitHub.

## Why D?

### Convenience

D allows writing large code fragments without redundantly specifying types, like dynamic languages do. On the other hand, static inference deduces types and other code properties, giving the best of both the static and the dynamic worlds.

    void main()
    {
        // Define an array of numbers, double[].
        // Compiler recognizes the common
        // type of all initializers.
        auto arr = [ 1, 2, 3.14, 5.1, 6 ];
        // Dictionary that maps string to int,
        // type is spelled int[string]
        auto dictionary = [ "one" : 1, "two" : 2,
            "three" : 3 ];
        // Calls the min function defined below
        auto x = min(arr[0], dictionary["two"]);
    }
    // Type deduction works for function results.
    // This is important for generic functions,
    // such as min below, which works correctly
    // for all comparable types.
    auto min(T1, T2)(T1 lhs, T2 rhs)
    {
        return rhs < lhs ? rhs : lhs;
    }

Automatic memory management makes for safe, simple, and robust code. D also supports scoped resource management (aka the RAII idiom) and scope statements for deterministic transactional code that is easy to write and read.

    import std.stdio;

    class Widget { }

    void main()
    {
        // Automatically managed.
        auto w = new Widget;
        // Code is executed in any case upon scope exit.
        scope(exit) { writeln("Exiting main."); }
        // File is closed deterministically at scope's end.
        foreach (line; File("text.txt").byLine())
        {
            writeln(line);
        }
        writeln();
    }

Built-in linear and associative arrays, slices, and ranges make daily programming simple and pleasant for tasks, both small and large.

    #!/usr/bin/env rdmd
    import std.range, std.stdio;

    // Compute average line length for stdin
    void main()
    {
        ulong lines = 0, sumLength = 0;
        foreach (line; stdin.byLine())
        {
            ++lines;
            sumLength += line.length;
        }
        writeln("Average line length: ",
            lines ? cast(double) sumLength / lines : 0.0);
    }

### Power

The best paradigm is to not impose something at the expense of others. D offers classic polymorphism, value semantics, functional style, generics, generative programming, contract programming, and more—all harmoniously integrated.

    // Interfaces and classes
    interface Printable
    {
       void print(uint level)
       // contract is part of the interface
       in { assert(level > 0); }
    }

    // Interface implementation
    class Widget : Printable
    {
       void print(uint level)
       in{ }
       body{ }
    }

    // Single inheritance of state
    class ExtendedWidget : Widget
    {
       override void print(uint level)
       in { /* weakening precondition is okay */  }
       body
       {
           //... level may be 0 here ...
       }
    }

    // Immutable data shared across threads
    immutable string programName = "demo";
    // Mutable data is thread-local
    int perThread = 42;
    // Explicitly shared data
    shared int perApp = 5;

    // Structs have value semantics
    struct BigNum
    {
        // intercept copying
        this(this) { }
        // intercept destructor
        ~this() { }
    }

    void main()
    {
        // ...
    }

D offers an innovative approach to concurrency, featuring true immutable data, message passing, no sharing by default, and controlled mutable sharing across threads. Read more.

From simple scripts to large projects, D has the breadth to scale with any application's needs: unit testing, information hiding, refined modularity, fast compilation, precise interfaces. Read more.

### Efficiency

D compiles naturally to efficient native code.

D is designed such that most "obvious" code is fast and safe. On occasion a function might need to escape the confines of type safety for ultimate speed and control. For such rare cases D offers native pointers, type casts, access to any C function without any intervening translation, manual memory management, custom allocators and even inline assembly code.

    import core.stdc.stdlib;

    void livingDangerously()
    {
        // Access to C's malloc and free primitives
        auto buf = malloc(1024 * 1024);
        // free automatically upon scope exit
        scope(exit) free(buf);
        // Interprets memory as an array of floats
        auto floats = cast(float[]) buf[0 .. 1024 * 1024];
        // Even stack allocation is possible
        auto moreBuf = alloca(4096 * 100);
        //...
    }

    // Using inline asm for extra speed on x86
    uint checked_multiply(uint x, uint y)
    {
        uint result;
        version (D_InlineAsm_X86)
        {
            // Inline assembler "sees" D variables.
            asm
            {
                mov     EAX,x        ;
                mul     EAX,y        ;
                mov     result,EAX   ;
                jc      Loverflow    ;
            }
            return result;
        }
        else
        {
            result = x * y;
            if (!y || x <= uint.max / y)
               return result;
       }
    Loverflow:
       throw new Exception("multiply overflow");
    }

    void main()
    {
        // ...
    }

The @safe, @trusted, and @system function attributes allow the programmer to best decide the safety-efficiency tradeoffs of an application, and have the compiler check for consistency. Read more.

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