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Last update Thu Sep 16 11:25:55 2010

# std.bigint

Arbitrary-precision ('bignum') arithmetic

Performance is optimized for numbers below ~1000 decimal digits. For X86 machines, highly optimised assembly routines are used.

The following algorithms are currently implemented:

- Karatsuba multiplication
- Squaring is optimized independently of multiplication
- Divide-and-conquer division
- Binary exponentiation

For very large numbers, consider using the GMP library instead.

struct BigInt;
  A struct representing an arbitrary precision integer

  All arithmetic operations are supported, except unsigned shift right (>>>). Logical operations are not currently supported.

  BigInt implements value semantics using copy-on-write. This means that assignment is cheap, but operations such as x++ will cause heap allocation. (But note that for most bigint operations, heap allocation is inevitable anyway).

  Example:

              BigInt a = "9588669891916142";
              BigInt b = "7452469135154800";
              auto c = a * b;
              assert(c == "71459266416693160362545788781600");
              auto d = b * a;
              assert(d == "71459266416693160362545788781600");
              assert(d == c);
              d = c * "794628672112";
              assert(d == "56783581982794522489042432639320434378739200");
              auto e = c + d;
              assert(e == "56783581982865981755459125799682980167520800");
              auto f = d + c;
              assert(f == e);
              auto g = f - c;
              assert(g == d);
              g = f - d;
              assert(g == c);
              e = 12345678;
              g = c + e;
              auto h = g / b;
              auto i = g % b;
              assert(h == a);
              assert(i == e);
              BigInt j = "-0x9A56_57f4_7B83_AB78";
              j ^^= 11;

  this(T s);
    Construct a BigInt from a decimal or hexadecimal string. The number must be in the form of a D decimal or hex literal: It may have a leading + or - sign; followed by "0x" if hexadecimal. Underscores are permitted.

    BUG:
    Should throw a IllegalArgumentException/ConvError if invalid character found

  this(T x);

  void opAssign(T : long)(T x);

  void opAssign(T : BigInt)(T x);

  bool opEquals(Tdummy = void)(ref const BigInt y);

  bool opEquals(T : int)(T y);

  int opCmp(T : long)(T y);

  int opCmp(T : BigInt)(T y);

  long toLong();
    Returns the value of this BigInt as a long, or +- long.max if outside the representable range.

  long toInt();
    Returns the value of this BigInt as an int, or +- long.max if outside the representable range.

  size_t uintLength();
    Number of significant uints which are used in storing this number. The absolute value of this BigInt is always < 2^(32*uintLength)

  size_t ulongLength();
    Number of significant ulongs which are used in storing this number. The absolute value of this BigInt is always < 2^(64*ulongLength)

  const void toString(void delegate(const(char)[]) sink, string formatString);
    Convert the BigInt to string, passing it to 'sink'.

    The output format is controlled via formatString:
    "d" | Decimal
    "x" | Hexadecimal, lower case
    "X" | Hexadecimal, upper case
    "s" | Default formatting (same as "d")
    null | Default formatting (same as "d")

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