D Programming Language 2.0

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Last update Thu Mar 18 17:08:39 2010

# std.stream

class StreamException: object.Exception;
  A base class for stream exceptions.

  this(string msg);
    Construct a StreamException with given error message.

class ReadException: std.stream.StreamException;
  Thrown when unable to read data from Stream.

  this(string msg);
    Construct a ReadException with given error message.

class WriteException: std.stream.StreamException;
  Thrown when unable to write data to Stream.

  this(string msg);
    Construct a WriteException with given error message.

class SeekException: std.stream.StreamException;
  Thrown when unable to move Stream pointer.

  this(string msg);
    Construct a SeekException with given error message.

abstract interface InputStream;
  InputStream is the interface for readable streams.

  abstract void readExact(void* buffer, size_t size);
    Read exactly size bytes into the buffer.

    Throws a ReadException if it is not correct.

  abstract size_t read(ubyte[] buffer);
    Read a block of data big enough to fill the given array buffer.

    Returns:
    the actual number of bytes read. Unfilled bytes are not modified.

  abstract void read(out byte x);
  abstract void read(out ubyte x);
  abstract void read(out short x);
  abstract void read(out ushort x);
  abstract void read(out int x);
  abstract void read(out uint x);
  abstract void read(out long x);
  abstract void read(out ulong x);
  abstract void read(out float x);
  abstract void read(out double x);
  abstract void read(out real x);
  abstract void read(out ifloat x);
  abstract void read(out idouble x);
  abstract void read(out ireal x);
  abstract void read(out cfloat x);
  abstract void read(out cdouble x);
  abstract void read(out creal x);
  abstract void read(out char x);
  abstract void read(out wchar x);
  abstract void read(out dchar x);
  abstract void read(out char[] s);
  abstract void read(out wchar[] s);
    Read a basic type or counted string.

    Throw a ReadException if it could not be read. Outside of byte, ubyte, and char, the format is implementation-specific and should not be used except as opposite actions to write.

  abstract char[] readLine();
  abstract char[] readLine(char[] result);
  abstract wchar[] readLineW();
  abstract wchar[] readLineW(wchar[] result);
    Read a line that is terminated with some combination of carriage return and line feed or end-of-file.

    The terminators are not included. The wchar version is identical. The optional buffer parameter is filled (reallocating it if necessary) and a slice of the result is returned.

  abstract int opApply(int delegate(ref char[] line) dg);
  abstract int opApply(int delegate(ref ulong n, ref char[] line) dg);
  abstract int opApply(int delegate(ref wchar[] line) dg);
  abstract int opApply(int delegate(ref ulong n, ref wchar[] line) dg);
    Overload foreach statements to read the stream line by line and call the supplied delegate with each line or with each line with line number.

    The string passed in line may be reused between calls to the delegate. Line numbering starts at 1. Breaking out of the foreach will leave the stream position at the beginning of the next line to be read. For example, to echo a file line-by-line with line numbers run:

         Stream file = new BufferedFile("sample.txt");
         foreach(ulong n, string line; file) {
           stdout.writefln("line %d: %s",n,line);
         }
         file.close();

  abstract char[] readString(size_t length);
    Read a string of the given length, throwing ReadException if there was a problem.

  abstract wchar[] readStringW(size_t length);
    Read a string of the given length, throwing ReadException if there was a problem.

    The file format is implementation-specific and should not be used except as opposite actions to write.

  abstract char getc();
  abstract wchar getcw();
    Read and return the next character in the stream.

    This is the only method that will handle ungetc properly. getcw's format is implementation-specific. If EOF is reached then getc returns char.init and getcw returns wchar.init.

  abstract char ungetc(char c);
  abstract wchar ungetcw(wchar c);
    Push a character back onto the stream.

    They will be returned in first-in last-out order from getc/getcw. Only has effect on further calls to getc() and getcw().

  abstract int vreadf(TypeInfo[] arguments, void* args);
  abstract int readf(...);
    Scan a string from the input using a similar form to C's scanf and std.format.

    An argument of type string is interpreted as a format string. All other arguments must be pointer types. If a format string is not present a default will be supplied computed from the base type of the pointer type. An argument of type string* is filled (possibly with appending characters) and a slice of the result is assigned back into the argument. For example the following readf statements are equivalent:

         int x;
         double y;
         string s;
         file.readf(&x, " hello ", &y, &s);
         file.readf("%d hello %f %s", &x, &y, &s);
         file.readf("%d hello %f", &x, &y, "%s", &s);

  abstract size_t available();
    Retrieve the number of bytes available for immediate reading.

  abstract bool eof();
    Return whether the current file position is the same as the end of the file.

    This does not require actually reading past the end, as with stdio. For non-seekable streams this might only return true after attempting to read past the end.

  abstract bool isOpen();
    Return true if the stream is currently open.

abstract interface OutputStream;
  Interface for writable streams.

  abstract void writeExact(const void* buffer, size_t size);
    Write exactly size bytes from buffer, or throw a WriteException if that could not be done.

  abstract size_t write(const(ubyte)[] buffer);
    Write as much of the buffer as possible, returning the number of bytes written.

  abstract void write(byte x);
  abstract void write(ubyte x);
  abstract void write(short x);
  abstract void write(ushort x);
  abstract void write(int x);
  abstract void write(uint x);
  abstract void write(long x);
  abstract void write(ulong x);
  abstract void write(float x);
  abstract void write(double x);
  abstract void write(real x);
  abstract void write(ifloat x);
  abstract void write(idouble x);
  abstract void write(ireal x);
  abstract void write(cfloat x);
  abstract void write(cdouble x);
  abstract void write(creal x);
  abstract void write(char x);
  abstract void write(wchar x);
  abstract void write(dchar x);
    Write a basic type.

    Outside of byte, ubyte, and char, the format is implementation-specific and should only be used in conjunction with read. Throw WriteException on error.

  abstract void write(char[] s);
  abstract void write(const(wchar)[] s);
    Writes a string, together with its length.

    The format is implementation-specific and should only be used in conjunction with read. Throw WriteException on error.

  abstract void writeLine(const(char)[] s);
    Write a line of text, appending the line with an operating-system-specific line ending.

    Throws WriteException on error.

  abstract void writeLineW(const(wchar)[] s);
    Write a line of text, appending the line with an operating-system-specific line ending.

    The format is implementation-specific. Throws WriteException on error.

  abstract void writeString(const(char)[] s);
    Write a string of text.

    Throws WriteException if it could not be fully written.

  abstract void writeStringW(const(wchar)[] s);
    Write a string of text.

    The format is implementation-specific. Throws WriteException if it could not be fully written.

  abstract size_t vprintf(char[] format, va_list args);
  abstract size_t printf(char[] format,...);
    Print a formatted string into the stream using printf-style syntax, returning the number of bytes written.

  abstract OutputStream writef(...);
  abstract OutputStream writefln(...);
  abstract OutputStream writefx(TypeInfo[] arguments, void* argptr, int newline = false);
    Print a formatted string into the stream using writef-style syntax.

    References:
    std.format.

    Returns:
    self to chain with other stream commands like flush.

  abstract void flush();
    Flush pending output if appropriate.

  abstract void close();
    Close the stream, flushing output if appropriate.

  abstract bool isOpen();
    Return true if the stream is currently open.

abstract class Stream: std.stream.InputStream, std.stream.OutputStream;
  Stream is the base abstract class from which the other stream classes derive.

  Stream's byte order is the format native to the computer.

  Reading:
  These methods require that the readable flag be set. Problems with reading result in a ReadException being thrown. Stream implements the InputStream interface in addition to the readBlock method.

  Writing:
  These methods require that the writeable flag be set. Problems with writing result in a WriteException being thrown. Stream implements the OutputStream interface in addition to the following methods: writeBlock copyFrom copyFrom

  Seeking:
  These methods require that the seekable flag be set. Problems with seeking result in a SeekException being thrown. seek, seekSet, seekCur, seekEnd, position, size, toString, toHash

  bool readable;
    Indicates whether this stream can be read from.

  bool writeable;
    Indicates whether this stream can be written to.

  bool seekable;
    Indicates whether this stream can be seeked within.

  protected bool isopen;
    Indicates whether this stream is open.

  protected bool readEOF;
    Indicates whether this stream is at eof after the last read attempt.

  protected bool prevCr;
    For a non-seekable stream indicates that the last readLine or readLineW ended on a '\r' character.

  abstract size_t readBlock(void* buffer, size_t size);
    Read up to size bytes into the buffer and return the number of bytes actually read. A return value of 0 indicates end-of-file.

  abstract size_t writeBlock(const void* buffer, size_t size);
    Write up to size bytes from buffer in the stream, returning the actual number of bytes that were written.

  void copyFrom(Stream s);
    Copies all data from s into this stream. This may throw ReadException or WriteException on failure. This restores the file position of s so that it is unchanged.

  void copyFrom(Stream s, ulong count);
    Copy a specified number of bytes from the given stream into this one. This may throw ReadException or WriteException on failure. Unlike the previous form, this doesn't restore the file position of s.

  abstract ulong seek(long offset, SeekPos whence);
    Change the current position of the stream. whence is either SeekPos.Set, in which case the offset is an absolute index from the beginning of the stream, SeekPos.Current, in which case the offset is a delta from the current position, or SeekPos.End, in which case the offset is a delta from the end of the stream (negative or zero offsets only make sense in that case). This returns the new file position.

  ulong seekSet(long offset);
  ulong seekCur(long offset);
  ulong seekEnd(long offset);
    Aliases for their normal seek counterparts.

  void position(ulong pos);
    Sets file position. Equivalent to calling seek(pos, SeekPos.Set).

  ulong position();
    Returns current file position. Equivalent to seek(0, SeekPos.Current).

  ulong size();
    Retrieve the size of the stream in bytes. The stream must be seekable or a SeekException is thrown.

  string toString();
    Read the entire stream and return it as a string. If the stream is not seekable the contents from the current position to eof is read and returned.

  size_t toHash();
    Get a hash of the stream by reading each byte and using it in a CRC-32 checksum.

class FilterStream: std.stream.Stream;
  A base class for streams that wrap a source stream with additional functionality.

  The method implementations forward read/write/seek calls to the source stream. A FilterStream can change the position of the source stream arbitrarily and may not keep the source stream state in sync with the FilterStream, even upon flushing and closing the FilterStream. It is recommended to not make any assumptions about the state of the source position and read/write state after a FilterStream has acted upon it. Specifc subclasses of FilterStream should document how they modify the source stream and if any invariants hold true between the source and filter.

  bool nestClose;
    Property indicating when this stream closes to close the source stream as well. Defaults to true.

  this(Stream source);
    Construct a FilterStream for the given source.

  final Stream source();
    Get the current source stream.

  void source(Stream s);
    Set the current source stream.

    Setting the source stream closes this stream before attaching the new source. Attaching an open stream reopens this stream and resets the stream state.

  void resetSource();
    Indicates the source stream changed state and that this stream should reset any readable, writeable, seekable, isopen and buffering flags.

class BufferedStream: std.stream.FilterStream;
  This subclass is for buffering a source stream.

  A buffered stream must be closed explicitly to ensure the final buffer content is written to the source stream. The source stream position is changed according to the block size so reading or writing to the BufferedStream may not change the source stream position by the same amount.

  this(Stream source, uint bufferSize = DefaultBufferSize);
    Create a buffered stream for the stream source with the buffer size bufferSize.

class StreamFileException: std.stream.StreamException;
  An exception for File errors.

  this(string msg);
    Construct a StreamFileException with given error message.

class OpenException: std.stream.StreamFileException;
  An exception for errors during File.open.

  this(string msg);
    Construct an OpenFileException with given error message.

class File: std.stream.Stream;
  This subclass is for unbuffered file system streams.

  this(string filename, FileMode mode = (FileMode).In);
    Create the stream with no open file, an open file in read mode, or an open file with explicit file mode. mode, if given, is a combination of FileMode.In (indicating a file that can be read) and FileMode.Out (indicating a file that can be written). Opening a file for reading that doesn't exist will error. Opening a file for writing that doesn't exist will create the file. The FileMode.OutNew mode will open the file for writing and reset the length to zero. The FileMode.Append mode will open the file for writing and move the file position to the end of the file.

  void open(string filename, FileMode mode = (FileMode).In);
    Open a file for the stream, in an identical manner to the constructors. If an error occurs an OpenException is thrown.

  void create(string filename);
  void create(string filename, FileMode mode);
    Create a file for writing.

  void close();
    Close the current file if it is open; otherwise it does nothing.

  size_t available();
    For a seekable file returns the difference of the size and position and otherwise returns 0.

class BufferedFile: std.stream.BufferedStream;
  This subclass is for buffered file system streams.

  It is a convenience class for wrapping a File in a BufferedStream. A buffered stream must be closed explicitly to ensure the final buffer content is written to the file.

  this();
    opens file for reading

  this(string filename, FileMode mode = (FileMode).In, uint bufferSize = DefaultBufferSize);
    opens file in requested mode and buffer size

  this(File file, uint bufferSize = DefaultBufferSize);
    opens file for reading with requested buffer size

  this(HANDLE hFile, FileMode mode, uint buffersize);
    opens existing handle; use with care!

  void open(string filename, FileMode mode = (FileMode).In);
    opens file in requested mode

  void create(string filename, FileMode mode = (FileMode).OutNew);
    creates file in requested mode

enum BOM;
  UTF byte-order-mark signatures

  UTF8
    UTF-8

  UTF16LE
    UTF-16 Little Endian

  UTF16BE
    UTF-16 Big Endian

  UTF32LE
    UTF-32 Little Endian

  UTF32BE
    UTF-32 Big Endian

class EndianStream: std.stream.FilterStream;
  This subclass wraps a stream with big-endian or little-endian byte order swapping.

  UTF Byte-Order-Mark (BOM) signatures can be read and deduced or written. Note that an EndianStream should not be used as the source of another FilterStream since a FilterStream call the source with byte-oriented read/write requests and the EndianStream will not perform any byte swapping. The EndianStream reads and writes binary data (non-getc functions) in a one-to-one manner with the source stream so the source stream's position and state will be kept in sync with the EndianStream if only non-getc functions are called.

  Endian endian;
    Endianness property of the source stream.

  this(Stream source, Endian end = module system.endian);
    Create the endian stream for the source stream source with endianness end. The default endianness is the native byte order. The Endian type is defined in the std.system module.

  int readBOM(int ungetCharSize = 1);
    Return -1 if no BOM and otherwise read the BOM and return it.

    If there is no BOM or if bytes beyond the BOM are read then the bytes read are pushed back onto the ungetc buffer or ungetcw buffer. Pass ungetCharSize == 2 to use ungetcw instead of ungetc when no BOM is present.

  final void fixBO(const(void)* buffer, uint size);
    Correct the byte order of buffer to match native endianness. size must be even.

  final void fixBlockBO(void* buffer, uint size, size_t repeat);
    Correct the byte order of the given buffer in blocks of the given size and repeated the given number of times. size must be even.

  void writeBOM(BOM b);
    Write the specified BOM b to the source stream.

class TArrayStream(Buffer): Stream;
  Parameterized subclass that wraps an array-like buffer with a stream interface.

  The type Buffer must support the length property, opIndex and opSlice. Compile in release mode when directly instantiating a TArrayStream to avoid link errors.

  this(Buffer buf);
    Create the stream for the the buffer buf. Non-copying.

  ubyte[] data();
    Get the current memory data in total.

class MemoryStream: std.stream.TArrayStream!(ubyte[]).TArrayStream;
  This subclass reads and constructs an array of bytes in memory.

  this();
    Create the output buffer and setup for reading, writing, and seeking.

  this(ubyte[] buf);
  this(byte[] buf);
  this(char[] buf);
    Create the output buffer and setup for reading, writing, and seeking. Load it with specific input data.

  void reserve(size_t count);
    Ensure the stream can hold count bytes.

class MmFileStream: std.stream.TArrayStream!(MmFile).TArrayStream;
  This subclass wraps a memory-mapped file with the stream API. See std.mmfile module.

  this(MmFile file);
    Create stream wrapper for file.

class SliceStream: std.stream.FilterStream;
  This subclass slices off a portion of another stream, making seeking relative to the boundaries of the slice.

  It could be used to section a large file into a set of smaller files, such as with tar archives. Reading and writing a SliceStream does not modify the position of the source stream if it is seekable.

  this(Stream s, ulong low);
    Indicate both the source stream to use for reading from and the low part of the slice.

    The high part of the slice is dependent upon the end of the source stream, so that if you write beyond the end it resizes the stream normally.

  this(Stream s, ulong low, ulong high);
    Indicate the high index as well.

    Attempting to read or write past the high index results in the end being clipped off.

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