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Last update Mon May 11 15:11:44 2009

# std.file

Utilities for manipulating files and scanning directories.

Authors:
Walter Bright, Andrei Alexandrescu

class FileException: object.Exception;
  Exception thrown for file I/O errors.

  invariant uint errno;
    OS error code.

  this(in char[] name, in char[] message);
    Constructor taking the name of the file where error happened and the error number (GetLastError in Windows, getErrno in Posix).

  this(string name, uint errno = GetLastError);
    Constructor taking the name of the file where error happened and the error number (GetLastError in Windows, getErrno in Posix).

void[] read(in char[] name);
  Read entire contents of file name.

  Returns:
  Untyped array of bytes read.

  Throws:
  FileException on error.

S readText(S = string)(in char[] name);
  Read and validates (using std.utf.validate) a text file. S can be a type of array of characters of any width and constancy. No width conversion is performed; if the width of the characters in file name is different from the width of elements of S, validation will fail.

  Returns:
  Array of characters read.

  Throws:
  FileException on file error, UtfException on UTF decoding error.

  Example:

      enforce(system("echo abc>deleteme") == 0);
      scope(exit) remove("deleteme");
      enforce(chomp(readText("deleteme")) == "abc");

void write(in char[] name, const void[] buffer);
  Write buffer to file name.

  Throws:
  FileException on error.

void append(in char[] name, in void[] buffer);
  Append buffer to file name.

  Throws:
  FileException on error.

void rename(in char[] from, in char[] to);
  Rename file from to to.

  Throws:
  FileException on error.

void remove(in char[] name);
  Delete file name.

  Throws:
  FileException on error.

ulong getSize(in char[] name);
  Get size of file name.

  Throws:
  FileException on error (e.g., file not found).

void getTimes(in char[] name, out d_time ftc, out d_time fta, out d_time ftm);
  Get creation/access/modified times of file name.

  Throws:
  FileException on error.

d_time lastModified(in char[] name);
  Returns the time of the last modification of file name. If the file does not exist, throws a FileException.

d_time lastModified(in char[] name, d_time returnIfMissing);
  Returns the time of the last modification of file name. If the file does not exist, returns returnIfMissing.

  A frequent usage pattern occurs in build automation tools such as make or ant. To check whether file target must be rebuilt from file source (i.e., target is older than source or does not exist), use the comparison below. The code throws a FileException if source does not exist (as it should). On the other hand, the d_time.min default makes a non-existing target seem infinitely old so the test correctly prompts building it.

      if (lastModified(source) >= lastModified(target, d_time.min))
      {
          // must (re)build
      }
      else
      {
          // target is up-to-date
      }

bool exists(in char[] name);
  Does file (or directory) name exist?

uint getAttributes(in char[] name);
  Get file name attributes.

  Throws:
  FileException on error.

bool isdir(in char[] name);
  Is name a directory?

  Throws:
  FileException if name doesn't exist.

bool isfile(in char[] name);
  Is name a file?

  Throws:
  FileException if name doesn't exist.

void chdir(in char[] pathname);
  Change directory to pathname.

  Throws:
  FileException on error.

void mkdir(in char[] pathname);
  Make directory pathname.

  Throws:
  FileException on error.

void mkdirRecurse(in char[] pathname);
  Make directory and all parent directories as needed.

void rmdir(in char[] pathname);
  Remove directory pathname.

  Throws:
  FileException on error.

string getcwd();
  Get current directory.

  Throws:
  FileException on error.

struct DirEntry;
  Directory Entry

  string name;
    file or directory name

  ulong size;
    size of file in bytes

  d_time creationTime;
    time of file creation

  d_time lastAccessTime;
    time file was last accessed

  d_time lastWriteTime;
    time file was last written to

  const bool isdir();
    Return true if DirEntry is a directory.

  const bool isfile();
    Return !=0 if DirEntry is a file.

void listdir(in char[] pathname, bool delegate(DirEntry* de) callback);
  For each file and directory DirEntry in pathname[], pass it to the callback delegate.

  Note:
  This function is being phased out. New code should use dirEntries (see below).

  Parameters:

  bool delegate(DirEntry* de) callback | Delegate that processes each DirEntry in turn. Returns true to continue, false to stop.

  Example:
  This program lists all the files in its path argument and all subdirectories thereof.

       import std.stdio;
       import std.file;

       void main(string[] args)
       {
          bool callback(DirEntry* de)
          {
            if (de.isdir)
              listdir(de.name, &callback);
            else
              writefln(de.name);
            return true;
          }

          listdir(args[1], &callback);
       }

void copy(in char[] from, in char[] to);
  Copy file from to file to. File timestamps are preserved.

void setTimes(in char[] name, d_time fta, d_time ftm);
  Set access/modified times of file name.

  Throws:
  FileException on error.

void rmdirRecurse(in char[] pathname);
  Remove directory and all of its content and subdirectories, recursively.

enum SpanMode;
  Dictates directory spanning policy for dirEntries (see below).

  shallow
    Only spans one directory.

  depth
    Spans the directory depth-first, i.e. the content of any subdirectory is spanned before that subdirectory itself. Useful e.g. when recursively deleting files.

  breadth
    Spans the directory breadth-first, i.e. the content of any subdirectory is spanned right after that subdirectory itself.

DirIterator dirEntries(string path, SpanMode mode);
  Iterates a directory using foreach. The iteration variable can be of type string if only the name is needed, or DirEntry if additional details are needed. The span mode dictates the how the directory is traversed. The name of the directory entry includes the path prefix.

  Example:

       // Iterate a directory in depth
       foreach (string name; dirEntries("destroy/me", SpanMode.depth))
       {
           remove(name);
       }
       // Iterate a directory in breadth
       foreach (string name; dirEntries(".", SpanMode.breadth))
       {
           writeln(name);
       }
       // Iterate a directory and get detailed info about it
       foreach (DirEntry e; dirEntries("dmd-testing", SpanMode.breadth))
       {
           writeln(e.name, "\t", e.size);
       }

Select!(Types.length == 1,Types[0][],Tuple!(Types)[]) slurp(Types...)(string filename, in char[] format);
  Reads an entire file into an array.

  Example:

      // Load file; each line is an int followed by comma, whitespace and a
      // double.
      auto a = slurp!(int, double)("filename", "%s, %s");

immutable(char)[][] listdir(in char[] pathname);
  Return contents of directory pathname[]. The names in the contents do not include the pathname.

  Throws:
  FileException on error

  Example:
  This program lists all the files and subdirectories in its path argument.

       import std.stdio;
       import std.file;

       void main(string[] args)
       {
          auto dirs = std.file.listdir(args[1]);

          foreach (d; dirs)
              writefln(d);
       }

immutable(char)[][] listdir(in char[] pathname, in char[] pattern);
immutable(char)[][] listdir(in char[] pathname, RegExp r);
  Return all the files in the directory and its subdirectories that match pattern or regular expression r.

  Parameters:

  char[] pathname | Directory name
  char[] pattern | String with wildcards, such as "*.d". The supported wildcard strings are described under fnmatch() in std.path.
  r | Regular expression, for more powerful pattern matching.

  Example:
  This program lists all the files with a "d" extension in the path passed as the first argument.

       import std.stdio;
       import std.file;

       void main(string[] args)
       {
          auto d_source_files = std.file.listdir(args[1], "*.d");

          foreach (d; d_source_files)
              writefln(d);
       }

  A regular expression version that searches for all files with "d" or "obj" extensions:

       import std.stdio;
       import std.file;
       import std.regexp;

       void main(string[] args)
       {
          auto d_source_files = std.file.listdir(args[1], RegExp(r"\.(d|obj)$"));

          foreach (d; d_source_files)
              writefln(d);
       }

void listdir(in char[] pathname, bool delegate(immutable(char)[] filename) callback);
  For each file and directory name in pathname[], pass it to the callback delegate.

  Note:
  This function is being phased out. New code should use dirEntries (see below).

  Parameters:

  bool delegate(immutable(char)[] filename) callback | Delegate that processes each filename in turn. Returns true to continue, false to stop.

  Example:
  This program lists all the files in its path argument, including the path.

       import std.stdio;
       import std.path;
       import std.file;

       void main(string[] args)
       {
          auto pathname = args[1];
          string[] result;

          bool listing(string filename)
          {
            result ~= std.path.join(pathname, filename);
            return true; // continue
          }

          listdir(pathname, &listing);

          foreach (name; result)
            writefln("%s", name);
       }

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