D Programming Language 2.0

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Last update Mon Feb 9 01:05:49 2009

# D x86 Inline Assembler

D, being a systems programming language, provides an inline assembler. The inline assembler is standardized for D implementations across the same CPU family, for example, the Intel Pentium inline assembler for a Win32 D compiler will be syntax compatible with the inline assembler for Linux running on an Intel Pentium.

Differing D implementations, however, are free to innovate upon the memory model, function call/return conventions, argument passing conventions, etc.

This document describes the x86 implementation of the inline assembler.

    AsmInstruction:
    	Identifier : AsmInstruction
    	align IntegerExpression
    	even
    	naked
    	db Operands
    	ds Operands
    	di Operands
    	dl Operands
    	df Operands
    	dd Operands
    	de Operands
    	Opcode
    	Opcode Operands

    Operands
    	Operand
    	Operand , Operands

## Labels

Assembler instructions can be labeled just like other statements. They can be the target of goto statements. For example:

    void *pc;
    asm
    {
        call L1		;
     L1:			;
        pop	EBX		;
        mov	pc[EBP],EBX	;	// pc now points to code at L1
    }

## align IntegerExpression

Causes the assembler to emit NOP instructions to align the next assembler instruction on an IntegerExpression boundary. IntegerExpression must evaluate to an integer that is a power of 2.

Aligning the start of a loop body can sometimes have a dramatic effect on the execution speed.

## even

Causes the assembler to emit NOP instructions to align the next assembler instruction on an even boundary.

## naked

Causes the compiler to not generate the function prolog and epilog sequences. This means such is the responsibility of inline assembly programmer, and is normally used when the entire function is to be written in assembler.

## db, ds, di, dl, df, dd, de

These pseudo ops are for inserting raw data directly into the code. db is for bytes, ds is for 16 bit words, di is for 32 bit words, dl is for 64 bit words, df is for 32 bit floats, dd is for 64 bit doubles, and de is for 80 bit extended reals. Each can have multiple operands. If an operand is a string literal, it is as if there were length operands, where length is the number of characters in the string. One character is used per operand. For example:

    asm
    {
        db 5,6,0x83;   // insert bytes 0x05, 0x06, and 0x83 into code
        ds 0x1234;     // insert bytes 0x34, 0x12
        di 0x1234;     // insert bytes 0x34, 0x12, 0x00, 0x00
        dl 0x1234;     // insert bytes 0x34, 0x12, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00
        df 1.234;      // insert float 1.234
        dd 1.234;      // insert double 1.234
        de 1.234;      // insert real 1.234
        db "abc";      // insert bytes 0x61, 0x62, and 0x63
        ds "abc";      // insert bytes 0x61, 0x00, 0x62, 0x00, 0x63, 0x00
    }

## Opcodes

A list of supported opcodes is at the end.

The following registers are supported. Register names are always in upper case.

AL, AH, AX, EAX
BL, BH, BX, EBX
CL, CH, CX, ECX
DL, DH, DX, EDX
BP, EBP
SP, ESP
DI, EDI
SI, ESI
ES, CS, SS, DS, GS, FS
CR0, CR2, CR3, CR4
DR0, DR1, DR2, DR3, DR6, DR7
TR3, TR4, TR5, TR6, TR7
ST
ST(0), ST(1), ST(2), ST(3), ST(4), ST(5), ST(6), ST(7)
MM0, MM1, MM2, MM3, MM4, MM5, MM6, MM7
XMM0, XMM1, XMM2, XMM3, XMM4, XMM5, XMM6, XMM7

### Special Cases

lock, rep, repe, repne, repnz, repz
  These prefix instructions do not appear in the same statement as the instructions they prefix; they appear in their own statement. For example:

      asm
      {
          rep   ;
          movsb ;
      }

pause
  This opcode is not supported by the assembler, instead use

      {
          rep  ;
          nop  ;
      }

  which produces the same result.
floating point ops
  Use the two operand form of the instruction format;

      fdiv ST(1);	// wrong
      fmul ST;        // wrong
      fdiv ST,ST(1);	// right
      fmul ST,ST(0);	// right

## Operands

    Operand:
        AsmExp

    AsmExp:
        AsmLogOrExp
        AsmLogOrExp ? AsmExp : AsmExp

    AsmLogOrExp:
        AsmLogAndExp
        AsmLogAndExp || AsmLogAndExp

    AsmLogAndExp:
        AsmOrExp
        AsmOrExp && AsmOrExp

    AsmOrExp:
        AsmXorExp
        AsmXorExp | AsmXorExp

    AsmXorExp:
        AsmAndExp
        AsmAndExp ^ AsmAndExp

    AsmAndExp:
        AsmEqualExp
        AsmEqualExp & AsmEqualExp

    AsmEqualExp:
        AsmRelExp
        AsmRelExp == AsmRelExp
        AsmRelExp != AsmRelExp

    AsmRelExp:
        AsmShiftExp
        AsmShiftExp < AsmShiftExp
        AsmShiftExp <= AsmShiftExp
        AsmShiftExp > AsmShiftExp
        AsmShiftExp >= AsmShiftExp

    AsmShiftExp:
        AsmAddExp
        AsmAddExp << AsmAddExp
        AsmAddExp >> AsmAddExp
        AsmAddExp >>> AsmAddExp

    AsmAddExp:
        AsmMulExp
        AsmMulExp + AsmMulExp
        AsmMulExp - AsmMulExp

    AsmMulExp:
        AsmBrExp
        AsmBrExp * AsmBrExp
        AsmBrExp / AsmBrExp
        AsmBrExp % AsmBrExp

    AsmBrExp:
        AsmUnaExp
        AsmBrExp [ AsmExp ]

    AsmUnaExp:
        AsmTypePrefix AsmExp
        offsetof AsmExp
        seg AsmExp
        + AsmUnaExp
        - AsmUnaExp
        ! AsmUnaExp
        ~ AsmUnaExp
        AsmPrimaryExp

    AsmPrimaryExp
        IntegerConstant
        FloatConstant
        __LOCAL_SIZE
        $
        Register
        DotIdentifier

    DotIdentifier
        Identifier
        Identifier . DotIdentifier

The operand syntax more or less follows the Intel CPU documentation conventions. In particular, the convention is that for two operand instructions the source is the right operand and the destination is the left operand. The syntax differs from that of Intel's in order to be compatible with the D language tokenizer and to simplify parsing.

The seg means load the segment number that the symbol is in. This is not relevant for flat model code. Instead, do a move from the relevant segment register.

### Operand Types

    AsmTypePrefix:
    	near ptr
    	far ptr
    	byte ptr
    	short ptr
    	int ptr
    	word ptr
    	dword ptr
    	qword ptr
    	float ptr
    	double ptr
    	real ptr

In cases where the operand size is ambiguous, as in:

    add	[EAX],3		;

it can be disambiguated by using an AsmTypePrefix:

    add	byte ptr [EAX],3	;
    add	int ptr [EAX],7		;

far ptr is not relevant for flat model code.

### Struct/Union/Class Member Offsets

To access members of an aggregate, given a pointer to the aggregate is in a register, use the qualified name of the member:

    struct Foo { int a,b,c; }
    int bar(Foo *f)
    {
        asm
        {	mov	EBX,f		;
    	mov	EAX,Foo.b[EBX]	;
        }
    }

### Stack Variables

Stack variables (variables local to a function and allocated on the stack) are accessed via the name of the variable indexed by EBP:

    int foo(int x)
    {
        asm
        {
    	mov EAX,x[EBP]	;  // loads value of parameter x into EAX
    	mov EAX,x	;  // does the same thing
        }
    }

If the [EBP] is omitted, it is assumed for local variables. If naked is used, this no longer holds.

### Special Symbols

$
  Represents the program counter of the start of the next instruction. So,

      jmp	$  ;

  branches to the instruction following the jmp instruction. The $ can only appear as the target of a jmp or call instruction.
__LOCAL_SIZE
  This gets replaced by the number of local bytes in the local stack frame. It is most handy when the naked is invoked and a custom stack frame is programmed.

## Opcodes Supported

aaa | aad | aam | aas | adc
add | addpd | addps | addsd | addss
and | andnpd | andnps | andpd | andps
arpl | bound | bsf | bsr | bswap
bt | btc | btr | bts | call
cbw | cdq | clc | cld | clflush
cli | clts | cmc | cmova | cmovae
cmovb | cmovbe | cmovc | cmove | cmovg
cmovge | cmovl | cmovle | cmovna | cmovnae
cmovnb | cmovnbe | cmovnc | cmovne | cmovng
cmovnge | cmovnl | cmovnle | cmovno | cmovnp
cmovns | cmovnz | cmovo | cmovp | cmovpe
cmovpo | cmovs | cmovz | cmp | cmppd
cmpps | cmps | cmpsb | cmpsd | cmpss
cmpsw | cmpxch8b | cmpxchg | comisd | comiss
cpuid | cvtdq2pd | cvtdq2ps | cvtpd2dq | cvtpd2pi
cvtpd2ps | cvtpi2pd | cvtpi2ps | cvtps2dq | cvtps2pd
cvtps2pi | cvtsd2si | cvtsd2ss | cvtsi2sd | cvtsi2ss
cvtss2sd | cvtss2si | cvttpd2dq | cvttpd2pi | cvttps2dq
cvttps2pi | cvttsd2si | cvttss2si | cwd | cwde
da | daa | das | db | dd
de | dec | df | di | div
divpd | divps | divsd | divss | dl
dq | ds | dt | dw | emms
enter | f2xm1 | fabs | fadd | faddp
fbld | fbstp | fchs | fclex | fcmovb
fcmovbe | fcmove | fcmovnb | fcmovnbe | fcmovne
fcmovnu | fcmovu | fcom | fcomi | fcomip
fcomp | fcompp | fcos | fdecstp | fdisi
fdiv | fdivp | fdivr | fdivrp | feni
ffree | fiadd | ficom | ficomp | fidiv
fidivr | fild | fimul | fincstp | finit
fist | fistp | fisub | fisubr | fld
fld1 | fldcw | fldenv | fldl2e | fldl2t
fldlg2 | fldln2 | fldpi | fldz | fmul
fmulp | fnclex | fndisi | fneni | fninit
fnop | fnsave | fnstcw | fnstenv | fnstsw
fpatan | fprem | fprem1 | fptan | frndint
frstor | fsave | fscale | fsetpm | fsin
fsincos | fsqrt | fst | fstcw | fstenv
fstp | fstsw | fsub | fsubp | fsubr
fsubrp | ftst | fucom | fucomi | fucomip
fucomp | fucompp | fwait | fxam | fxch
fxrstor | fxsave | fxtract | fyl2x | fyl2xp1
hlt | idiv | imul | in | inc
ins | insb | insd | insw | int
into | invd | invlpg | iret | iretd
ja | jae | jb | jbe | jc
jcxz | je | jecxz | jg | jge
jl | jle | jmp | jna | jnae
jnb | jnbe | jnc | jne | jng
jnge | jnl | jnle | jno | jnp
jns | jnz | jo | jp | jpe
jpo | js | jz | lahf | lar
ldmxcsr | lds | lea | leave | les
lfence | lfs | lgdt | lgs | lidt
lldt | lmsw | lock | lods | lodsb
lodsd | lodsw | loop | loope | loopne
loopnz | loopz | lsl | lss | ltr
maskmovdqu | maskmovq | maxpd | maxps | maxsd
maxss | mfence | minpd | minps | minsd
minss | mov | movapd | movaps | movd
movdq2q | movdqa | movdqu | movhlps | movhpd
movhps | movlhps | movlpd | movlps | movmskpd
movmskps | movntdq | movnti | movntpd | movntps
movntq | movq | movq2dq | movs | movsb
movsd | movss | movsw | movsx | movupd
movups | movzx | mul | mulpd | mulps
mulsd | mulss | neg | nop | not
or | orpd | orps | out | outs
outsb | outsd | outsw | packssdw | packsswb
packuswb | paddb | paddd | paddq | paddsb
paddsw | paddusb | paddusw | paddw | pand
pandn | pavgb | pavgw | pcmpeqb | pcmpeqd
pcmpeqw | pcmpgtb | pcmpgtd | pcmpgtw | pextrw
pinsrw | pmaddwd | pmaxsw | pmaxub | pminsw
pminub | pmovmskb | pmulhuw | pmulhw | pmullw
pmuludq | pop | popa | popad | popf
popfd | por | prefetchnta | prefetcht0 | prefetcht1
prefetcht2 | psadbw | pshufd | pshufhw | pshuflw
pshufw | pslld | pslldq | psllq | psllw
psrad | psraw | psrld | psrldq | psrlq
psrlw | psubb | psubd | psubq | psubsb
psubsw | psubusb | psubusw | psubw | punpckhbw
punpckhdq | punpckhqdq | punpckhwd | punpcklbw | punpckldq
punpcklqdq | punpcklwd | push | pusha | pushad
pushf | pushfd | pxor | rcl | rcpps
rcpss | rcr | rdmsr | rdpmc | rdtsc
rep | repe | repne | repnz | repz
ret | retf | rol | ror | rsm
rsqrtps | rsqrtss | sahf | sal | sar
sbb | scas | scasb | scasd | scasw
seta | setae | setb | setbe | setc
sete | setg | setge | setl | setle
setna | setnae | setnb | setnbe | setnc
setne | setng | setnge | setnl | setnle
setno | setnp | setns | setnz | seto
setp | setpe | setpo | sets | setz
sfence | sgdt | shl | shld | shr
shrd | shufpd | shufps | sidt | sldt
smsw | sqrtpd | sqrtps | sqrtsd | sqrtss
stc | std | sti | stmxcsr | stos
stosb | stosd | stosw | str | sub
subpd | subps | subsd | subss | sysenter
sysexit | test | ucomisd | ucomiss | ud2
unpckhpd | unpckhps | unpcklpd | unpcklps | verr
verw | wait | wbinvd | wrmsr | xadd
xchg | xlat | xlatb | xor | xorpd
xorps |  |  |  |

### Pentium 4 (Prescott) Opcodes Supported

addsubpd | addsubps | fisttp | haddpd | haddps
hsubpd | hsubps | lddqu | monitor | movddup
movshdup | movsldup | mwait |  |

### AMD Opcodes Supported

pavgusb | pf2id | pfacc | pfadd | pfcmpeq
pfcmpge | pfcmpgt | pfmax | pfmin | pfmul
pfnacc | pfpnacc | pfrcp | pfrcpit1 | pfrcpit2
pfrsqit1 | pfrsqrt | pfsub | pfsubr | pi2fd
pmulhrw | pswapd

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