D Programming Language 2.0

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Last update Wed Oct 17 15:41:33 2007

# D for Win32

This describes the D implementation for 32 bit Windows systems. Naturally, Windows specific D features are not portable to other platforms.

Instead of the:

    #include <windows.h>

of C, in D there is:

    import std.c.windows.windows;

## Calling Conventions

In C, the Windows API calling conventions are __stdcall. In D, it is simply:

    extern (Windows)
    {
    	/* ... function declarations ... */
    }

The Windows linkage attribute sets both the calling convention and the name mangling scheme to be compatible with Windows.

For functions that in C would be __declspec(dllimport) or __declspec(dllexport), use the export attribute:

    export void func(int foo);

If no function body is given, it's imported. If a function body is given, it's exported.

## Windows Executables

Windows GUI applications can be written with D. A sample such can be found in `\dmd\samples\d\winsamp.d`

These are required:

1. Instead of a `main` function serving as the entry point, a `WinMain` function is needed.
2. `WinMain` must follow this form:

       import std.c.windows.windows;

       extern (C) void gc_init();
       extern (C) void gc_term();
       extern (C) void _minit();
       extern (C) void _moduleCtor();
       extern (C) void _moduleDtor();
       extern (C) void _moduleUnitTests();

       extern (Windows)
       int WinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance,
       	HINSTANCE hPrevInstance,
       	LPSTR lpCmdLine,
       	int nCmdShow)
       {
           int result;

           gc_init();			// initialize garbage collector
           _minit();			// initialize module constructor table

           try
           {
       	_moduleCtor();		// call module constructors
       	_moduleUnitTests();	// run unit tests (optional)

       	result = myWinMain(hInstance, hPrevInstance, lpCmdLine, nCmdShow);

       	_moduleDtor();		// call module destructors
           }

           catch (Object o)		// catch any uncaught exceptions
           {
       	MessageBoxA(null, cast(char *)o.toString(), "Error",
       		    MB_OK | MB_ICONEXCLAMATION);
       	result = 0;		// failed
           }

           gc_term();			// run finalizers; terminate garbage collector
           return result;
       }

       int myWinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance,
       	HINSTANCE hPrevInstance,
       	LPSTR lpCmdLine,
       	int nCmdShow)
       {
           /* ... insert user code here ... */
       }

   The `myWinMain()` function is where the user code goes, the rest of `WinMain` is boilerplate to initialize and shut down the D runtime system.
3. A .def (Module Definition File) with at least the following two lines in it:

       EXETYPE NT
       SUBSYSTEM WINDOWS

   Without those, Win32 will open a text console window whenever the application is run.
4. The presence of `WinMain()` is recognized by the compiler causing it to emit a reference to __acrtused_dll and the phobos.lib runtime library.

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